Specialty fiber and fused fiber component processing plays an increasingly important role in fabrication and integration of monolithic all-fiber devices and systems for both academic research and industrial applications. This short course presents latest advance on specialty fiber splicing, tapering, and fused fiber component glass processing technologies and their recent applications. It briefly reviews specialty optical fibers including both silica and non-silica soft glass fibers and their fiber characteristics, and discusses and compares state-of-the-art fiber fusion processes including arc-discharge, filament, CO2 laser fusion methods. etc. Then it describes fundamentals of fiber splicing, tapering and micro-tapers, and fiber glass processing technologies for achieving optimal coupling between fibers and transmission of light through fibers and fiber devices, and introduces advanced techniques for processing LMA, PM, PCF, and soft glass specialty fibers, splicing of different end-cap devices, and mode-field matching of dissimilar fibers. Fiber coupling principle associated with these processes based on waveguide theory will be explained. In addition, it covers fabrication of various fused fiber components, such as mode-field adaptors, fiber coupler, bundles and combiners, segmented fiber devices and fiber probes. Finally, it presents some practical applications of specialty fiber processing technologies in fiber lasers and biophotonics with a focus on laser power scaling, OCT and endoscopic imaging, respectively. Recent applications in telecommunications and quantum computing will also be briefly discussed.