Interdisciplinary capstone design projects are a required part of many of the engineering programs across the US and have been proven to be highly impactful for preparing students for industry. The University of Arizona College of Engineering program places five to six students on a team sponsored predominantly by industry partners. Over the course of the academic year, students work to meet the requirements of the industry sponsor and ultimately present their results at a celebratory event called Design Day. The authors have been students, mentors, and now sponsors of projects through BAE Systems (formerly Ball Aerospace). This paper describes our general philosophy to designing a great project that will challenge and grow the students on the team and give them a taste of what work at our company is like. The paper will give several example projects across the past years to showcase what went well and what can be improved, as well as summarizing general roadblocks students consistently experience for other mentors to be aware of.
Surveys in space and time are key to answering outstanding questions in astrophysics. The power to study very large numbers of stars, galaxies, and transient events over large portions of the sky and different time scales has repeatedly led to new breakthroughs. The Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope (Roman), NASA’s next Astrophysics Flagship mission, elevates wide field and time domain survey observations to previously inaccessible scales. Roman carries the Wide Field Instrument (WFI), which provides visible to near-infrared imaging and spectroscopy with an unprecedented combination of field-of-view, spatial resolution, and sensitivity. When combined with a highly stable observatory and efficient operations, the WFI allows surveys never before possible. These observations will lead to new discoveries in cosmology, exoplanets, and a very wide array of other astrophysics topics ranging from high redshift galaxies to small bodies in the solar system. This paper provides an overview of Roman survey science, connects this science to the design of the WFI, and provides a status update on WFI hardware build and test.
NASA’s Habitable Worlds Observatory will consist of a segmented telescope and high contrast coronagraph to characterize exoplanets for habitability. Achieving this objective requires an ultra-stable telescope with wavefront stability of picometers in certain critical modes. The NASA funded Ultra-Stable Large Telescope Research and Analysis – Technology Maturation program has matured key component-level technologies in 10 areas spanning an “ultra-stable” architecture, including active components like segment edge sensors, actuators and thermal hardware, passive components like low distortion mirrors and stable structures, and supporting capabilities like precision metrology. This paper will summarize the final results from the four-year ULTRA-TM program, including advancements in performance and/or path-to-flight readiness, TRL/MRL maturation, and recommendations for future work.
NASA’s Habitable Worlds Observatory will consist of a segmented telescope and high contrast coronagraph to characterize exoplanets for habitability. Achieving this objective requires an ultra-stable telescope with wavefront stability of picometers in certain critical modes. The NASA funded Ultra-Stable Large Telescope Research and Analysis – Technology Maturation program continues to mature key component-level technologies for this new regime of “ultra-stable optical systems,” including active components like segment edge sensors, actuators and thermal hardware, passive components like low distortion mirrors and stable structures, and supporting capabilities like precision metrology. This paper will present an update to the latest results from hardware testbeds and simulations in the areas listed above. It will also contain a correction to previously published results of Ball’s Integrated Demo, which consists of a capacitive sensor and three actuators operating in closed loop.
NASA’s Roman Space Telescope’s Wide Field Instrument mosaic detector array of 18 H4RG-10 chips requires regular and uncommonly accurate calibrations to meet its science objectives. In addition to the quasi-Lambertian diffuser used for detector flat-fielding, a novel engineered diffuser is incorporated as part of seven cold stop masks on the science bandpass filters. These engineered diffusers are used to illuminate the focal plane concurrently with an exposure from the observatory, enabling signal-dependent nonlinearity corrections. This presentation demonstrates via experimental data how these diffusers can produce a spatially uniform and smooth illumination profile with increased flux compared to a Lambertian diffuser.
NASA’s Habitable Worlds Observatory will consist of a segmented telescope and high contrast coronagraph to characterize exoplanets for habitability. Achieving this objective requires an ultra-stable telescope with wavefront stability of picometers in certain critical modes. The Ultra-Stable Large Telescope Research and Analysis – Technology Maturation program has matured key component-level technologies as well as developed integrated modeling capability to predict performance in a flight system. ULTRASim is a stability simulation of an ultrastable telescope, including segment sensing and control of the primary mirror using actuators and edge sensors and global position control of the secondary and phased primary mirrors with laser metrology. New developments since previous publications include a capacitive edge sensing network and development of a control-structure interaction model.
The Cold Module (CM) is a fundamental collection of components within the Wide Field Instrument (WFI) on NASA’s Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope. The CM consists of components necessary prior to Focal Plane System (FPS) integration, including the hexapod adjustment mechanism for the focal plane, the optical element selection mechanism, the optical metering support structure, and a cold enclosure. The CM has completed a challenging integration and test process in preparation for the FPS. This paper will summarize the design and execution of the integration and test campaign for the CM as well as the verification effort to this point.
The Wide Field Instrument (WFI) on NASA’s Roman Space Telescope has eight filters on a large filter wheel that are key to enabling the science missions of the observatory. These filters have completed their journey from individual components to fully integrated elements in the optical element wheel assembly (EWA), and have been characterized in terms of their transmittance, wavefront impact, and other key performance characteristics. This paper will summarize their capabilities and performance, demonstrating their ability to deliver top-quality science on orbit.
The 2020 decadal survey presents a clear message of the grand astronomy goals of the next decade and beyond, and of the urgent need for technology maturation that will enable the next flagship observatory to observe potentially habitable exoplanets. For a segmented implementation of a large ultra-stable telescope, low TRL areas such as segment sensing and control at the picometer scale have been identified as critical areas for significant technological improvements to accomplish the survey’s grand goals. We present exciting results on picometer scale sensing and actuation in certain temporal and spatial bandwidths as key advances towards addressing this technology gap. We have designed and demonstrated a capacitive testbed for informing different edge sensing architectures, and qualified our novel ultra-fine stage actuator using an optical distance measuring interferometer. We have also integrated the capacitive sensor and our ultra-fine stage actuator for an integrated demo with few picometer noise floor, sensing and actuator resolution. These key results will roll into the design of subscale demonstrations of these components in a future flight-like layout.
The recently released Astro2020 Decadal Survey recommends a large IR/O/UV space telescope that can observe potentially habitable exoplanets. Achieving this goal requires a telescope with wavefront stability on the order of picometers in some modes. The Ultra-Stable Large Telescope Research and Analysis – Technology Maturation (ULTRATM) program has matured key component-level technologies for this new regime of “ultra-stable optical systems,” including active components like segment edge sensors, actuators and thermal sensing and control hardware, as well as passive components like low distortion mirror mounts and stable composites for structures. Hardware testbeds have demonstrated component performance in the desired regime and with path-to-flight properties and simulations have applied those results to the flight system. These component level demonstrations are a critical step to enable subsequent subsystem and system level demonstrations of an ultra-stable telescope.
The design of an all-reflective laser-scanning microscope capable of imaging samples three-dimensionally with multiple modes of nonlinear imaging at high resolution and with a large field of view is described in this presentation. The all-reflective design is based on off-axis parabolic mirror sections, and was designed to require minimal alignment. An all fiber alignment-free femtosecond laser with dual output is used to enable simultaneous multiphoton and stimulated Raman imaging processes, creating a powerful but hassle-free system. This paper will describe the design, performance, and imaging outputs of the system.
To achieve the ambitious science goal of performing direct imaging of earth-like exoplanets with a high contrast coronagraph, future space-based astronomical telescopes will require wavefront stability several orders of magnitude beyond state-of-the-art. The Ultra-Stable Large Telescope Research and Analysis – Technology Maturation (ULTRA-TM) program is maturing key component-level technologies for this new regime of “ultra-stable optical systems” through hardware testbeds that demonstrate component performance in the desired picometer regime and with path-to-flight properties. This paper describes the initial results from these testbeds – which address key capabilities across the ultrastable architecture and include active components like segment edge sensors, actuators and thermal sensing and control hardware, as well as passive components like low distortion mirror mounts and stable composites for structures. These promising experimental results are the first steps in our team’s technical maturation plan to credibly enable a large, ultrastable telescope in space. The resulting component, sub-system and system roadmaps are meant to support planning for technology development efforts for future NASA missions.
To achieve the ambitious goal of directly imaging exo-Earths with a coronagraph, future space-based astronomical telescopes will require wavefront stability several orders of magnitude beyond state-of-the-art. The Ultra-Stable Large Telescope Research and Analysis – Technology Maturation (ULTRA-TM) program will mature critical technologies for this new regime of “ultra-stable optical systems” through component-level hardware demonstrations.
This paper describes the progress towards demonstrating performance of these technologies in the picometer regime and with flight-like properties – including active systems like segment sensing and actuation and thermal sensing and control, as well as passive systems like low distortion mirror mounts and composite structures. Raising the TRL of these technologies will address the most difficult parts of the stability problem with the longest lead times and provide significant risk reduction for their inclusion in future mission concepts.
Raman microscopy is a key technique for biological imaging since it can provide valuable information about the chemical constituents of a sample without any labels. However, because two wavelengths are required for either CARS or SRS to occur, most Raman imaging set ups use multiple lasers with complicated synchronization requirements. In this presentation, we discuss the design and performance of a tunable Ytterbium-based fiber laser and an optical parametric oscillator for Raman microscopy. Our system uses a single laser that creates both pump and probe beams via nonlinear optical effects. Due to its reasonable high peak power, this laser system is a suitable light source for multimodal microscopy using both Raman and multiphoton imaging functionalities.
The beauty of gems and minerals have been examined and appreciated by optical tools for centuries. Current methods for examining the interior structure of gems and minerals typically requires a sample to be cut and polished prior to imaging. In this presentation, we introduce a new tool for imaging gems and minerals in three dimensions, the multiphoton microscope. We have demonstrated that the multiphoton microscope can capture fascinating information from natural gems and minerals with sub-micron resolution at depths up to the millimeter scale. This new application of multiphoton microscopy may open the doors to non-destructive characterization leading to new information on the formation, structure, and appearance of these stones that have fascinated the eye for centuries.
Surgical resection of pancreatic cancer represents the only chance of cure and long-term survival in this common disease. Unfortunately, determination of a cancer-free margin at surgery is based on one or two tiny frozen section biopsies, which is far from ideal. Not surprisingly, cancer is usually left behind and is responsible for metastatic disease. We demonstrate a method of receptor-targeted imaging using peptide ligands, lipid microbubbles, and multiphoton microscopy that could lead to a fast and accurate way of examining the entire cut surface during surgery. Using a plectin-targeted microbubble, we performed a blinded in-vitro study to demonstrate avid binding of targeted microbubbles to pancreatic cancer cells but not noncancerous cell lines. Further work should lead to a much-needed point-of-care diagnostic test for determining clean margins in oncologic surgery.
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