We study efficiency of intensity-based dynamic speckle method for characterization of dynamic events which occur at variable rate in time within the temporal averaging interval. We checked the ability of the method to describe the speed of evolution by i) numerical simulation at variable speed, ii) processing of speckle patterns obtained from phase distributions fed to a SLM at controllable change of the temporal correlation radius of speckle intensity fluctuations and iii) conducting experiments with a polymer solution drying by using a hot-stage. The numerical and SLM simulation experiments allowed for modification of the used estimates in order to obtain relevant information.
Industrial inspection of processes by capture of speckle patterns often requires detection of a small activity area buried in a background. This work presents analysis of sensitivity of the dynamic speckle method by processing simulated and experimental correlated in time 8 bit encoded speckle patterns. Simulation of the patterns was done for an exponentially decreasing temporal correlation function of intensity fluctuations by Fresnel propagation of a monochromatic wave reflected from a delta-correlated in time phase screen and captured at different diameters and focal distances of the optical sensor objective lens. For the experiment, we used a 3D printed flat object with hollow sections that was covered with a transparent film and a droplet of a polymer solution and monitored the process of their drying. Both normalized and non-normalized processing algorithms were used.
We present a study of the diffraction efficiencies of polarization holographic gratings recorded in thin films of the azopolymer PAZO (poly[1-[4-(3-carboxy-4-hydroxyphenylazo) benzenesulfonamido]-1,2-ethanediyl, sodium salt]). Two series of layers have been prepared using two different solvents – distilled water and methanol. The gratings are inscribed by two plain waves with orthogonal circular polarizations (left and right circular) from a He-Cd gas laser (442 nm) at recording angle 20°, corresponding to grating period 1.3 μm. Higher diffraction efficiency is obtained for the thin film samples spin-coated from the methanol solution for thicknesses below 600 nm. Diffraction efficiency higher than 27% was achieved, as well as surface relief height more than 500 nm.
Dynamic speckle analysis is a promising tool for inspection of speed of processes. It relies on highly sensitive of speckle phenomenon to micro-changes in the optical paths. The same phenomenon is a source of severe noise, which contaminates substantially the outcome of analysis when a pointwise processing is applied to correlated in time speckle patterns. We obtained improvement of quality of the two-dimensional activity map produced by the pointwise processing by illumination at two wavelengths in the red and green part of the spectrum and separate processing of the raw data acquired in the red and the green channels of a color camera used to capture the speckle patterns. Summation of the activity maps corresponding to the two channels results in narrower spread of fluctuations of the estimate chosen to describe the activity.
Dynamic speckle metrology is a means for evaluating the speed of various processes in industrial or biological samples. The method indicates regions of lower or higher activity on the sample surface through statistical processing of speckle patterns formed on this surface under laser illumination. In this paper, we applied the method to study the influence of the substrate temperature on the drying process in azopolymer solutions leading to formation of thin photo birefringent polymer films. This would give the optimal temperature for obtaining smooth and uniform thin films for the shortest possible time. We recorded several sets of correlated in time speckle patterns of a transparent drop of azopolymer solution in two different solvents (water and methanol) on a glass plate illuminated by laser light. The temperature of the plate and respectively of the polymer solution was controlled by high-precision thermal stage. We built two-dimensional maps of activity at different moments and estimated the speed of drying of the polymer solution depending of the substrate temperature. This data were further correlated with the optical quality of the dry polymer thin films.
Observation of speed of processes by dynamic speckle metrology has been applied to different samples of industrial or biological nature. The method allows for detecting regions of lower or higher activity on the sample surface through statistical processing of the speckle patterns formed on this surface under laser illumination. The aim of the paper is to check applicability of this dynamic speckle technique for monitoring of the drying process in polymer water and methanol solutions. For the purpose, we recorded several sets of 256 correlated in time speckle patterns of a transparent drop of PAZO water solution and PAZO methanol solution on a glass plate illuminated by a He-Ne laser. The sets were separated by intervals of several minutes, and the last set was recorded 100 minutes after the start of the experiment. For statistical description of activity on the observed sample we applied pointwise correlation-based algorithms to binary patterns formed by comparison of intensities at each point to a sign threshold. The obtained two-dimensional maps of the used statistical estimator at different time lags clearly indicated the difference between water and methanol solutions and proved efficiency of dynamic speckle analysis for monitoring of drying processes in polymer solutions.
Azopolymers are well known organic materials for polarization holographic recording due to the induced anisotropy under illumination with polarized light. They possess all the desirable characteristics of the known polarization-sensitive materials, as high sensitivity and reversibility, but excel them substantially in the magnitude of the photoinduced birefringence. This makes possible to record reversible polarization gratings with high diffraction efficiency.
In this paper results of experimental investigations on the reversibility properties of birefringence photoinduced in azopolymers are reported, depending on the conditions of subsequent optical and thermal treatment. Thin films of different polymers were prepared in order to examine the kinetics of multiple recording and erasure of birefringence in different types of azopolymers. The reversibility of the polarization recording has been studied using two different method of erasure – by increased temperature and on illumination with circularly polarized light.
Azopolymers are one of the most efficient types of media for recording the polarization state of light. An essential optical parameter to characterize them is the value of the birefringence Δn induced on illumination with polarized light. Laser beam is used as a pump and the birefringence is commonly probed by another laser with wavelength, different from the pump one. However, data about the spectral behavior of Δn are given rarely.
In this work we present experimental data for the dynamics of spectra of birefringence during illumination with pump lasers with wavelengths varying from 355 nm to 514 nm i.e. from the peak of absorbance to the edge of the absorbance band of the azopolymer used. Furthermore, we investigate the influence of nanoparticles from zinc oxide (ZnO) with different concentrations, incorporated in the azopolymer. The azopolymer used for this study is the water soluble poly[1- [4-(3-carboxy-4-hydroxyphenylazo)benzenesulfonamido]-1,2-ethanediyl, sodium salt], shortly denoted as PAZO. As indicated by our experiments, thin films from this azopolymer can be used for polarization diffractive elements, operating in the entire visible range of the spectrum.
Access to the requested content is limited to institutions that have purchased or subscribe to SPIE eBooks.
You are receiving this notice because your organization may not have SPIE eBooks access.*
*Shibboleth/Open Athens users─please
sign in
to access your institution's subscriptions.
To obtain this item, you may purchase the complete book in print or electronic format on
SPIE.org.
INSTITUTIONAL Select your institution to access the SPIE Digital Library.
PERSONAL Sign in with your SPIE account to access your personal subscriptions or to use specific features such as save to my library, sign up for alerts, save searches, etc.