The Multi-scale Variance Stabilization Transform (MSVST) has recently been proposed for 2D Poisson data
denoising.1 In this work, we present an extension of the MSVST with the wavelet transform to multivariate
data-each pixel is vector-valued-, where the vector field dimension may be the wavelength, the energy, or the
time. Such data can be viewed naively as 3D data where the third dimension may be time, wavelength or
energy (e.g. hyperspectral imaging). But this naive analysis using a 3D MSVST would be awkward as the data
dimensions have different physical meanings. A more appropriate approach would be to use a wavelet transform,
where the time or energy scale is not connected to the spatial scale. We show that our multivalued extension of
MSVST can be used advantageously for approximately Gaussianizing and stabilizing the variance of a sequence
of independent Poisson random vectors. This approach is shown to be fast and very well adapted to extremely
low-count situations. We use a hypothesis testing framework in the wavelet domain to denoise the Gaussianized
and stabilized coefficients, and then apply an iterative reconstruction algorithm to recover the estimated vector
field of intensities underlying the Poisson data. Our approach is illustrated for the detection and characterization
of astrophysical sources of high-energy gamma rays, using realistic simulated observations. We show that the
multivariate MSVST permits efficient estimation across the time/energy dimension and immediate recovery of
spectral properties.
KEYWORDS: Point spread functions, Microscopy, Luminescence, Confocal microscopy, 3D modeling, Data modeling, Objectives, Data processing, Expectation maximization algorithms, Deconvolution
Despite the availability of rigorous physical models of microscopy point spread functions (PSFs), approximative PSFs, particularly separable Gaussian approximations are widely used in practical microscopic data processing. In fact, compared with a physical PSF model, which usually involves non-trivial terms such as integrals and infinite series, a Gaussian function has the advantage that it is much simpler and can be computed much faster. Moreover, due to its special analytical form, a Gaussian PSF is often preferred to facilitate the analysis of theoretical models such as Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching (FRAP) process and of processing algorithms such as EM deconvolution. However, in these works, the selection of Gaussian parameters and the approximation accuracy were rarely investigated. In this paper, we present a comprehensive study of Gaussian approximations for diffraction-limited 2D/3D paraxial/non-paraxial PSFs of Wide Field Fluorescence Microscopy (WFFM), Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopy (LSCM) and Disk Scanning Confocal Microscopy (DSCM) described using the Debye integral. Besides providing an optimal Gaussian parameter for the 2D paraxial WFFM PSF case, we further derive nearly optimal parameters in explicit forms for each of the other cases, based on Maclaurin series matching. Numerical results show that the accuracy of the 2D approximations is very high (Relative Squared Error (RSE) < 2% in WFFM, < 0.3% in LSCM and < 4% in DSCM). For the 3D PSFs, the approximations are average in WFFM (RSE ≃ 16-20%), accurate in DSCM (RSE≃ 3-6%) and nearly perfect in LSCM (RSE ≃ 0.3-0.5%).
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