Atmospheric fogs create degraded visual environments, making it difficult to recover optical information from our surroundings. We have developed a low-SWaP technique which characterizes these environments using an f-theta lens to capture the angular scattering profile of a pencil beam passed through a fog. These measurements are then compared to data taken in tandem by conventional characterization techniques (optical transmission, bulk scattering coefficient, etc.). We present this angular scattering measurement as a low-SWaP alternative to current degraded visual environment characterization techniques to provide real-time data for implementation with signal recovery algorithms.
Atmospheric fog is a common degraded visual environment (DVE) that reduces sensing and imaging range and resolution in complex ways not fully encapsulated by traditional metrics. As such, better physical models are required to describe imaging systems in a fog environment. We have developed a tabletop fog chamber capable of creating repeatable fog-like environments for controlled experimentation of optical systems within this common DVE. We present measurement of transmission coefficients and droplet size distribution in a multiple scattering regime using this chamber.
Degraded visual environments like fog pose a major challenge to safety and security because light is scattered by tiny particles. We show that by interpreting the scattered light it is possible to detect, localize, and characterize objects normally hidden in fog. First, a computationally efficient light transport model is presented that accounts for the light reflected and blocked by an opaque object. Then, statistical detection is demonstrated for a specified false alarm rate using the Neyman-Pearson lemma. Finally, object localization and characterization are implemented using the maximum likelihood estimate. These capabilities are being tested at the Sandia National Laboratory Fog Chamber Facility.
This communication reports progress towards the development of computational sensing and imaging methods that utilize highly scattered light to extract information at greater depths in degraded visual environments like fog for improved situational awareness. As light propagates through fog, information is lost due to random scattering and absorption by micrometer sized water droplets. Computational diffuse optical imaging shows promise for interpreting the detected scattered light, enabling greater depth penetration than current methods. Developing this capability requires verification and validation of diffusion models of light propagation in fog. We report models that were developed and compared to experimental data captured at the Sandia National Laboratory Fog Chamber facility. The diffusion approximation to the radiative transfer equation was found to predict light propagation in fog under the appropriate conditions.
Degraded visual environments are a cause of problems for surveillance systems and other sensors due to the reduction in contrast, range, and signal. Fog is a concern because of the frequency of its formation along our coastlines; disrupting border security and surveillance. Sandia has created a Fog Facility for the characterization and testing of optical and other systems. We will present a comparison of our generated fogs to the measured naturally occurring fogs reported in the literature and an overview of Sandia’s work using this facility to investigate ways to enhance perception through degraded visual environments.
Progress in developing optical imaging for biomedical applications requires customizable and often complex objects known as "phantoms" for testing, evaluation, and calibration. This work demonstrates that 3D printing is an ideal method for fabricating such objects, allowing intricate inhomogeneities to be placed at exact locations in complex or anatomically realistic geometries, a process that is difficult or impossible using molds. We show printed mouse phantoms we have fabricated for developing deep tissue fluorescence imaging methods, and measurements of both their optical and mechanical properties. Additionally, we present a printed phantom of the human mouth that we use to develop an artery localization method to assist in oral surgery.
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