Harsh environment avionics applications require operating temperature ranges that can extend to, and exceed -50 to
115°C. For obvious maintenance, management and cost arguments, product lifetimes as long as 20 years are also sought.
This leads to mandatory long-term hermeticity that cannot be obtained with epoxy or silicone sealing; but only with
glass seal or metal solder or brazing. A hermetic design can indirectly result in the required RF shielding of the
component. For fiber-optics products, these specifications need to be compatible with the smallest possible size, weight
and power consumption. The products also need to offer the best possible high-speed performances added to the known
EMI immunity in the transmission lines.
Fiber-optics transceivers with data rates per fiber channel up to 10Gbps are now starting to be offered on the market for
avionics applications. Some of them are being developed by companies involved in the "normal environment"
telecommunications market that are trying to ruggedize their products packaging in order to diversify their customer
base. Another approach, for which we will present detailed results, is to go back to the drawing boards and design a new
product that is adapted to proven MIL-PRF-38534 high-reliability packaging assembly methods. These methods will
lead to the introduction of additional requirements at the components level; such as long-term high-temperature
resistance for the fiber-optic cables. We will compare both approaches and demonstrate the latter, associated with the
redesign, is the preferable one.
The performance of the fiber-optic transceiver we have developed, in terms of qualification tests such as temperature
cycling, constant acceleration, hermeticity, residual gaz analysis, operation under random vibration and mechanical
shocks and accelerated lifetime tests will be presented. The tests are still under way, but so far, we have observed no
performance degradation of such a product after more than 1050 hours of operation at 95°C.
Optical LADARs require high sensitivity near 1 nanowatt while also having fast recovery to overloads as high as
100W. Fast recovery is required in order to detect a secondary target from behind a bright target. In the current work,
we have created a new family of LADAR receivers having a higher gain bandwidth product than most commercially
available receivers. While maintaining the receiver bandwidth, a 4.8 × increase in responsivity can now be achieved.
With cooling of the APD, these new receivers are offering more than a twofold time reduction of the NEP, allowing
longer range coverage of the LADAR system. In addition, a new feature is the improvement of the overload recovery
to 93ns from an laser pulse of 56mW, allowing close secondary target detection.
In this presentation we will present a new passive alignment method used to obtain highly efficient optical fibre coupling from VCSELs (vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers). This method is compatible with low-cost, high-yield volume production of compact transceivers for applications in rugged environments. Coupling efficiencies larger than 94% have been obtained using this visually-aided passive alignment method for the coupling between a rounded-tip, 50μm core graded-index fibre and an 850nm VCSEL having an emission area diameter of approximately 25&mgr;m. Our alignment procedure was used to make compact, high-speed (2Gbps) transceivers that can work from -50 to 105oC. They have shown to be able to resist to mechanical shocks of more than 200g. They have also shown to maintain a constant coupling efficiency while being submitted to 35Grms random vibration tests around 200Hz.
Manufactures of commercially available transceivers have reduced the cost of these modules by outsourcing production to low cost regions, and by engaging in multiple source agreements (MSA). Using key components developed for commercial transceivers, modules meeting Mil/Aero qualification requirements can be developed with minimal additional effort. This paper will examine the applications that may require qualified modules, packaging considerations for qualifying the modules, and additional functionality that are attractive to the Mil/Aero market.
An overview of photon counting detection using CMOS compatible Single Photon Avalanche Diodes (SPAD) will be presented. These SPADs have a planar structure, and are processed using CMOS technology. The most promising aspect of this technology is the potential for building large area arrays that can be operated in photon counting mode - without the read-out noise and bulkiness associated with low noise CCD cameras. Using the iAQC (integrated Active Quenching Circuit) produced by Micro-Photonics Devices, a low noise InGaAs/InAlAs APD will be characterized for photon counting. Finally, Characterization data from a photon counting module using Intevac’s IPD’s (Tube+APD hybrd) will be presented for photon counting at 1064nm.
Interest in eye-safe range-finding and lidar applications at 1060nm and 1550nm has increased dramatically in the last couple of years. However, APD receiver module performance has remained constant. This paper will present results from the characterization of an eye-safe module based on novel ultra -low excess noise InGaAs APD’s. The design basics of the APD and circuit will be discussed, with key performance characteristics highlighted. The principle of APD excess noise will be reviewed, and the effect it has on receiver module performance will be illustrated. A comparison of module performance between different receiver modules will be summarized.
This paper will examine how Avalanche Photodiodes (APD) and Infrared Pulsed lasers (PL) are used and optimized to provide the "intelligence" to smart weapons. The basics of APD's and PL will be covered and the principle "time of flight ranging" which is the underlining principle of 3D laser radar will be illustrated. The time of flight principle is used for range finding, lidar, 3D laser radar and speed measurements - this information can then be used to provide intelligence to the smart weapon. Examples of such systems are discussed and illustrated, for example: Cluster bombs, Proximity fuses, and how laser range finding systems can be incorporated with GPS to produce effective and lethal weapons. The APD's that are discussed include silicon APD's for cost effective weapons, and 1550nm APDs for eye-safe systems. An overview of the different PL's will be outlined, but the focus will be on 905nm laser pulsars for cost effective laser weapons.
Silicon avalanche photodiodes (APD) have been used for photon counting for a number of years. This paper reviews their properties and the associated electronics required for photon counting in the Geiger mode. Significant improvements are reported in overall photon detection efficiencies (approaching 75% at 633 nm), and timing jitter (under 200 ps) achieved at high over-voltages (20 - 30 V). Results obtained using an active-mode fast quench circuit capable of switching over-voltages as high as 20 V (giving photon detection efficiencies in the 50% range), are reported with a dead-time of less than 50 ns. Larger diodes (up to 1 mm diameter), usable in the Geiger mode, which have quantum efficiencies over 80% in the 500 - 800 nm range also are reported.
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