Developing a new lithographic process routinely involves usage of lithographic toolsets and much engineering time to perform data analysis. Process transfers between fabs occur quite often. One of the key assumptions made is that lithographic settings are equivalent from one fab to another and that the transfer is fluid. In some cases, that is far from the truth. Differences in tools can change the proximity effect seen in low k1 imaging processes. If you use model based optical proximity correction (MBOPC), then a model built in one fab will not work under the same conditions at another fab. This results in many wafers being patterned to try and match a baseline response. Even if matching is achieved, there is no guarantee that optimal lithographic responses are met. In this paper, we discuss the approach used to transfer and develop new lithographic processes and define MBOPC builds for the new lithographic process in Fab B which was transferred from a similar lithographic process in Fab A. By using PROLITHTM simulations to match OPC models for each level, minimal downtime in wafer processing was observed. Source Mask Optimization (SMO) was also used to optimize lithographic processes using novel inverse lithography techniques (ILT) to simultaneously optimize mask bias, depth of focus (DOF), exposure latitude (EL) and mask error enhancement factor (MEEF) for critical designs for each level.
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) can obtain light scattering properties with a high resolution, while photoacoustic
imaging (PAI) is ideal for mapping optical absorbers in biological tissues, and ultrasound (US) could penetrate deeply
into tissues and provide elastically structural information. It is attractive and challenging to integrate these three imaging
modalities into a miniature probe, through which, both optical absorption and scattering information of tissues as well as
deep-tissue structure can be obtained. Here, we present a novel side-view probe integrating PAI, OCT and US imaging
based on double-clad fiber which is used as a common optical path for PAI (light delivery) and OCT (light
delivery/detection), and a 40 MHz unfocused ultrasound transducer for PAI (photoacoustic detection) and US
(ultrasound transmission/receiving) with an overall diameter of 1.0 mm. Experiments were conducted to demonstrate the
capabilities of the integrated multimodal imaging probe, which is suitable for endoscopic imaging and intravascular
imaging.
A MEMS-based common-path endoscopic imaging probe for 3D swept-source optical coherence tomography (SSOCT) has been developed. The common path is achieved by setting the reference plane at the rear surface of the GRIN lens inside the probe. MEMS devices have the advantages of low cost, small size and fast speed, which are suitable for miniaturizing endoscopic probes. The aperture size of the two-axis MEMS mirror employed in this endoscopic probe is 1 mm by 1 mm and the footprint of the MEMS chip is 1.55 mm by 1.7 mm. The MEMS mirror achieves large two dimensional optical scan angles up to 34° at 4.0 V. The endoscopic probe using the MEMS mirror as the scan engine is only 4.0 mm in diameter. Additionally, an optimum length of the GRIN lens is established to remove the artifacts in the SSOCT images generated from the multiple interfaces inside the endoscopic imaging probe. The MEMS based commonpath probe demonstrates real time 3D OCT images of human finger with 10.6 μm axial resolution, 17.5 μm lateral resolution and 1.0 mm depth range at a frame rate of 50 frames per second.
A microelectromechanical system (MEMS) mirror based endoscopic swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) system that can perform three-dimensional (3-D) imaging at high speed is reported. The key component enabling 3-D endoscopic imaging is a two-axis MEMS scanning mirror which has a 0.8×0.8 mm 2 mirror plate and a 1.6×1.4 mm 2 device footprint. The diameter of the endoscopic probe is only 3.5 mm. The imaging rate of the SS-OCT system is 50 frames/s . OCT images of both human suspicious oral leukoplakia tissue and normal buccal mucosa were taken in vivo and compared. The OCT imaging result agrees well with the histopathological analysis.
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