KEYWORDS: Imaging systems, Sensors, Signal to noise ratio, Performance modeling, Target detection, Signal attenuation, Contrast transfer function, Atmospheric modeling, Extremely high frequency, Backscatter
The U.S. Army Research Laboratory (ARL) has continued to develop and enhance a millimeter-wave (MMW) and submillimeter- wave (SMMW)/terahertz (THz)-band imaging system performance prediction and analysis tool for both the detection and identification of concealed weaponry, and for pilotage obstacle avoidance. The details of the MATLAB-based model which accounts for the effects of all critical sensor and display components, for the effects of atmospheric attenuation, concealment material attenuation, and active illumination, were reported on at the 2005 SPIE Europe Security and Defence Symposium (Brugge). An advanced version of the base model that accounts for both the dramatic impact that target and background orientation can have on target observability as related to specular and Lambertian reflections captured by an active-illumination-based imaging system, and for the impact of target and background thermal emission, was reported on at the 2007 SPIE Defense and Security Symposium (Orlando). Further development of this tool that includes a MODTRAN-based atmospheric attenuation calculator and advanced system architecture configuration inputs that allow for straightforward performance analysis of active or passive systems based on scanning (single- or line-array detector element(s)) or staring (focal-plane-array detector elements) imaging architectures was reported on at the 2011 SPIE Europe Security and Defence Symposium (Prague). This paper provides a comprehensive review of a newly enhanced MMW and SMMW/THz imaging system analysis and design tool that now includes an improved noise sub-model for more accurate and reliable performance predictions, the capability to account for postcapture image contrast enhancement, and the capability to account for concealment material backscatter with active-illumination- based systems. Present plans for additional expansion of the model’s predictive capabilities are also outlined.
The U.S. Army Research Laboratory (ARL) and the U.S. Army Night Vision and Electronic Sensors Directorate
(NVESD) have developed a terahertz-band imaging system performance model/tool for detection and identification of
concealed weaponry. The details of the MATLAB-based model which accounts for the effects of all critical sensor and
display components, and for the effects of atmospheric attenuation, concealment material attenuation, and active
illumination, were reported on at the 2005 SPIE Europe Security & Defence Symposium (Brugge). An advanced
version of the base model that accounts for both the dramatic impact that target and background orientation can have on
target observability as related to specular and Lambertian reflections captured by an active-illumination-based imaging
system, and for the impact of target and background thermal emission, was reported on at the 2007 SPIE Defense and
Security Symposium (Orlando). This paper will provide a comprehensive review of an enhanced, user-friendly,
Windows-executable, terahertz-band imaging system performance analysis and design tool that now includes additional
features such as a MODTRAN-based atmospheric attenuation calculator and advanced system architecture
configuration inputs that allow for straightforward performance analysis of active or passive systems based on scanning
(single- or line-array detector element(s)) or staring (focal-plane-array detector elements) imaging architectures. This
newly enhanced THz imaging system design tool is an extension of the advanced THz imaging system performance
model that was developed under the Defense Advanced Research Project Agency's (DARPA) Terahertz Imaging
Focal-Plane Technology (TIFT) program. This paper will also provide example system component (active-illumination
source and detector) trade-study analyses using the new features of this user-friendly THz imaging system performance
analysis and design tool.
The U.S. Army Night Vision and Electronic Sensors Directorate (NVESD) and the U.S. Army Research Laboratory
(ARL) have developed a terahertz-band imaging system performance model for detection and identification of
concealed weaponry. The details of this MATLAB-based model which accounts for the effects of all critical sensor and
display components, and for the effects of atmospheric attenuation, concealment material attenuation, and active
illumination, were reported on at the 2005 SPIE Europe Security and Defence Symposium. The focus of this paper is to
report on recent advances to the base model which have been designed to more realistically account for the dramatic
impact that target and background orientation can have on target observability as related to specular and Lambertian
reflections captured by an active-illumination-based imaging system. The advanced terahertz-band imaging system
performance model now also accounts for target and background thermal emission, and has been recast into a user-friendly,
Windows-executable tool. This advanced THz model has been developed in support of the Defense Advanced
Research Project Agency's (DARPA) Terahertz Imaging Focal-Plane Technology (TIFT) program. This paper will
describe the advanced THz model and its new radiometric sub-model in detail, and provide modeling and experimental
results on target observability as a function of target and background orientation.
This paper describes the design and performance of the U.S. Army RDECOM CERDEC Night Vision and Electronic
Sensors Directorate's (NVESD), active 0.640-THz imaging testbed, developed in support of the Defense Advanced
Research Project Agency's (DARPA) Terahertz Imaging Focal-Plane Technology (TIFT) program. The laboratory
measurements and standoff images were acquired during the development of a NVESD and Army Research Laboratory
terahertz imaging performance model. The imaging testbed is based on a 12-inch-diameter Off-Axis Elliptical (OAE)
mirror designed with one focal length at 1 m and the other at 10 m. This paper will describe the design considerations of
the OAE-mirror, dual-capability, active imaging testbed, as well as measurement/imaging results used to further develop
the model.
Terahertz imaging sensors are being considered for providing a concealed weapon identification capability for military and security applications. In this paper the difficulty of this task is assessed in a systematic way. Using imaging systems operating at 640 GHz, high resolution imagery of possible concealed weapons has been collected. Information in this imagery is removed in a controlled and systematic way and then used in a human observer perception experiment. From the perception data, a calibration factor describing the overall difficulty of this task was derived. This calibration factor is used with a general model of human observer performance developed at the US Army Night Vision and Electronic Sensors Directorate to predict the task performance of observers using terahertz imaging sensors. Example performance calculations for a representative imaging sensor are shown.
The U.S. Army Night Vision and Electronic Sensors Directorate and the U.S. Army Research Laboratory have developed a terahertz-band imaging system performance model for detection and identification of concealed weaponry. The MATLAB-based model accounts for the effects of all critical sensor and display components, and for the effects of atmospheric attenuation, concealment material attenuation, and active illumination. The model is based on recent U.S. Army NVESD sensor performance models that couple system design parameters to observer-sensor field performance using the acquire methodology for weapon identification performance predictions. This THz model has been developed in support of the Defense Advanced Research Project Agencies' Terahertz Imaging Focal-Plane-Array Technology (TIFT) program and is presently being used to guide the design and development of a 0.650 THz active/passive imaging system. This paper will describe the THz model in detail, provide and discuss initial modeling results for a prototype THz imaging system, and outline plans to validate and calibrate the model through human perception testing.
We have developed several millimeter/submillimeter/terahertz systems to study active and passive imaging and associated phenomenology. For measuring the transmission and scattering properties of materials, we have developed a dual rotary stage scattering system with active illumination and a Fourier Transform spectrometer. For imaging studies, we have developed a system based on a 12-inch diameter raster-scanned mirror. By interchange of active sources and both heterodyne and bolometric detectors, this system can be used in a variety of active and passive configurations. The laboratory measurements are used as inputs for, and model calibration and validation of, a terahertz imaging system performance model used to evaluate different imaging modalities for concealed weapon identification. In this paper, we will present examples of transmission and scattering measurements for common clothing as well as active imaging results that used a 640 GHz source and receiver.
Spiral antennas are one of the common radiators used in ground penetrating radar (GPR). Mine detection is generally performed in a frequency band of interest between 500 MHz to 4 GHz. This paper discusses technical recommendations and R&D performed by Naval Air Warfare Center (NAWC), China Lake, CA , resulting in our best effort spiral design emphasizing highest low band gain while maintaining overall axial ratio purity. This design consisted of a spiral printed on a high dielectric substrate that allowed the antenna to be used at lower frequencies then conventional plastic substrate based two arm spirals of the same diameter. A graded dielectric overlay scheme was employed to facilitate matching to free space on one side, and absorber lined cavity on the other. Test data is given in terms of match and free space patterns using spin linear sources to obtain antenna axial ratios. The low-end gain was improved from -17 dBi to -5 dBi. Two Vivaldi slot antennas (star junction fed and an antipodal construction) are discussed as alternative antennas offering broadband high gain and economical construction. Both designs produced good patterns with a +5 dBi average gain over the band. Patterns for the log spiral and Archimedean spiral, together with recommendations for future improvements are provided.
For several years, ground-penetrating radar (GPR) has been used to search for buried landmines. Most of the evaluation effort on complete detection systems has focused on end-to-end performance metrics (e.g., Pd and Pfa). Here, we focus on the specific performance of one critical component of GPR systems-the antennas. This is the first in a series of papers that will compare the following parameters of many different antennas: (1) the most useful bandwidths, (2) the role of polarization and polarization diversity, (3) spurious coupling effects, and (4) phase-correction considerations. This paper compares four types of Planning Systems, Inc., antennas that were developed for current and past GPR systems. These are a 5.5-in. log-spiral antenna without balun or spiral-arm terminations; 5.75-in. log-spiral antenna with tapered balun and arm termination; 5.5-in. Archimedean-spiral antenna with tapered balun, but without arm terminations; and 5.75-in. Archimedean-spiral antenna with tapered balun and arm terminations. Three main tests were performed to compare the antennas: (1) S11, to show overall matching bandwidth and to reveal discontinuities in the balun-antenna-termination structure; (2) S21, to measure undesired direct-path coupling relative to intended target scattering; and (3) S21, to show direct coupling vs. antenna spacing.
The Microwave-to-Optical Transformation (MOT) method is based on the Optical Admittance Diagram an optical thin film filter design tool that uses the characteristic matrix, and the quarter wave rule for the design and analysis of microwave and optical computing circuits/components. As previously reported, this technique has also been extended for characterization of the electric field strength of certain microwave devices. This paper discusses a MOT designed co-planar waveguide transition component or network for use in launching power to a new generation microwave source known as a Field Emitter Array (FEA). This paper will give a brief description of an FEA and discuss the feasibility of designing a co-planar waveguide for this particular application.
Dynamic measurement of minimum resolvable temperature difference (MRTD) has been shown to avoid the problems of phase optimization and beat frequency disruption associated with static MRT testing of under sampled systems. In order to predict field performance, the relationship between static and dynamic MRTD (DMRTD) must be quantified. In this paper, the dynamic MRTD of a sampled system is performed using both laboratory measurements and a simulation. After reviewing, the principles of static and dynamic MRTD, the design of a sensor simulator is described. A comparison between real and simulated DMRTD is shown. Measurement procedures are documented for both the static and dynamic MRTD. Conclusions are given regarding the utility of the simulator for performing comparative experiments between static and dynamic MRTD.
The Microwave-to-Optical Transformation (MOT) method, reported previously, makes use of an optical thin film filter design took known as the Optical Admittance Diagram, the characteristic matrix and the quarter wave rule. Stripline elements are re-configured and modeled as sequential quarter wave optically thin film layers. The previous work was qualitative and mainly focused on the intuitively useful analysis that the MOT method offers the microwave engineer. A more rigorous formalism shall be presented in this paper which allows the computation of E- Field, both amplitude and phase. In addition, new graphical techniques that provide the designer further insight will accompany the E-field analysis. This is a novel extension of the previous work. Microwave and optical computing circuits and components that span a vast wavelength range may be adaptable to this technique depending on their specific utilization. This paper will first develop an extension of the MOT method for electric field strength characterization. Secondly, this technique will be applied to the Wilkinson Power Divider used in the previous work. Use of this already MOT-characterized stripline component will validate the utility of this technique by also analyzing the electric field through the same simple microwave circuit. Finally, this technique will be applied to the design of a co-planar waveguide transition component used for launching power to a Field Emitter Array.
The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) is evaluating Forward Looking Infrared (FLIR) and IR focal plane array technology as part of the Airport Surface Traffic Automation program. Under this program a new application for these technologies in aviation will be developed. The goal of the program is to evaluate FLIR and IR cameras for enhanced Air Traffic Control surface surveillance in all weather conditions for some major airports. Initially, FLIR cameras will be installed at airports with varying traffic densities to analyze and compare their capabilities along with other IR camera systems, displays and security/surveillance software. These cameras will be evaluated for both technical and operational performance. This paper discusses the initial studies that demonstrated the usefulness of FLIR technology for search and rescue situations and multiple coverage for integration with automatic surveillance systems. The general operation of the three IR camera systems to be evaluated in this study is presented. Finally, a concept for the possible integration of FLIR and IR technology with current automatic surface surveillance systems under development such as the Airport Movement Area Safety System and the Airport Traffic Identification System programs is proposed. This paper will conclude with a review of the FAA's future plans for evaluating a microbolometer based, uncooled IR camera system.
This paper describes and develops the concept of adapting the chemical oxygen iodine laser (COIL) system for aluminum welding. The suitability of the COIL for welding aluminum or Al-SiX alloys, such as A40 is evaluated using current welding material processing techniques. The problem of high thermal conductivity coupled with the high reflectivity of aluminum, which makes it difficult to laser weld, is addressed by proposing the use of a mathematical model for laser welding. The model should predict the size of a laser weld to the net heat absorbed by the workpiece. Thus, the problem of excessive heat flow to components is addressed. The possibility of utilizing the high output power of the COIL by applying 'binary optics' technology to convert the high power and high quality Gaussian output of the main beam into a set of high quality Gaussian sub-beams which will be transported via fiber optics delivery to the sample surface(s) is also discussed. The COIL is a viable source for future satellite construction which requires hermetic sealing of components and instrumentation.
KEYWORDS: Liquids, Aerodynamics, Mechanics, Velocity measurements, Gas lasers, Hydrogen, Information operations, Chemical lasers, Oxygen, Manufacturing
The general scalability of jet generators may be limited due to the inevitable breakup of the thin liquid jets. The fluid mechanic theory of liquid jets is reviewed. An experiment was set up to simulate jets of basic hydrogen peroxide and measure their velocity and breakup lengths as a function of the orifice diameter and length, and of the viscosity of the liquid. The experimental setup and its future extensions are described. The jets were run with atmospheric pressure into a chamber at low pressure. The results are compared to predictions from the simple theory and extrapolated to driving pressures of 10 bar.
It has been shown that the Admittance Diagram along with the Quarterwave Rule can be used in the design and characterization of optical thin film coatings. However, this same tool may be utilized in the design and characterization of some microwave components as well. A simple design example of a Wilkinson power divider is presented to illustrate the utility of this optical technique for microwave circuit design and analysis.
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