Augmented reality (AR) display having vergence-accommodation conflict (VAC) problem which causes dizziness and motion sickness to viewers. It occurs because of the way of displaying a stereoscopic image. This is a severe disadvantage and must be managed for the popularization of AR. Implementing an integral imaging into the AR system can solve this VAC problem, but this system still has a limited depth problem originated from integral imaging. By using focus tunable lens array instead of an ordinary fixed one, the depth limitation of the integral imaging system can be overcome. Electrowetting lens can be implemented into focus tunable microlens array for AR integral imaging with the advantage of small form factor, fast response time and precise focal length control. By using a hexagonal arrangement and solid lens attach, the lens array with high fill-factor for AR display is fabricated. Its specification is well optimized for AR display and focus tunable integral imaging display is constructed with this lens array. Micro display with small sized pixel is loaded with elemental images, and the tunable lens array makes an image of object inside the panel which has a depth of few centimeters. And magnifying lens and beam splitter makes meter scale object into the air. By adjusting the applied voltage for the liquid lens array, the position of central depth plan can vary from tens of centimeters to meter scale, which satisfies enough range for typical AR usage. With the system, objects with various distant can be displayed clearly with some technical implementation.
Many consumers are interested in three-dimensional (3-D) technologies that make display images as real as possible. In response, a number of fairly mature 3-D technologies have already been introduced in various studies. Among them, we reviewed the integral imaging system and the multiview system, which can realize 3-D, from the past to the present. Those systems, however, suffer from problems such as depth range, two-dimensional (2-D) and 3-D conversions, and 3-D resolution. Therefore, a liquid lens is proposed as a technique to resolve the drawbacks. Using a liquid lens with variable focal length, the depth range was enhanced using a time-division multiplexing technique in an integral imaging system, and the function of 2-D and 3-D switching was enabled in a multiview system. Furthermore, methods were introduced to solve the problems of 3-D resolution reduction in multiview systems and vergence–accommodation conflicts in VR systems.
In this paper, the drawbacks of the conventional electrowetting lenticular lens such as unstable operation, low dioptric power, high operating voltage, and low fill factor were resolved through a biconvex structure. In our previous study, there was only one interface between DI water and oil. However, an interface between ETPTA and oil was added to form a biconvex structure. The biconvex structure was fabricated by exploiting the phenomenon that the liquid ETPTA changes into a solid upon exposure to UV light. The amount of ETPTA was adjusted to control the curvature of the interface between the ETPTA and oil. Also, the volume of oil was controlled to realize zero dioptric power at 0V. The biconvex electrowetting lenticular lens has powerful optical properties, showing the highest dioptric power of 2000D with a 414.7um aperture diameter, and operating with a voltage 0-17V. The dioptric power was 0D at 0V, which means the shape of the lens is flat, and 2000D at 17V, which means the shape of the lens is sufficiently convex to view a 3D image. The viewing angle was measured as 46 degrees and the response time was measured as 0.83ms. Also, crosstalk of 16.18 % was measured. A 24- view image was tested by combining the fabricated 5-inch lenticular lens with a display (G Pro 2).
Liquid lenticular multi-view system has great potential of three dimensional image realization. This paper aims to introduce a novel fabrication method of electro-wetting liquid lenticular lens using diffuser. The liquid lenticular device consists of a Ultraviolet (UV) adhesive chamber, two immiscible liquids and a sealing plate. The diffuser makes UV light spread slantly not directly to negative photoresist on a glass substrate. In this process, Su-8, the suitable material to fabricate a structure in high stature, is selected for negative photoresist. After forming a Su-8 chamber, the UV adhesive chamber is made through a PDMS sub-chamber that is made from the Su-8 chamber. As such, this research shows a result of a liquid lenticular lens having slanted side walls with an angle of 75 degrees. The UV adhesive chamber having slanted side walls is more advantageous for electro-wetting effect achieving high diopter than the chamber having vertical side walls. After that, gold is evaporated for electrode, and Parylene C and Teflon AF1600 is deposited for dielectric and hydrophobic layer respectively. For two immiscible liquids, DI water and a blend of 1-Chloronaphthalene and Dodecane with specific portions are used. Two immiscible liquids are injected in underwater environment and a glass that is coated with ITO on one side is sealed by UV adhesive. The completed tunable lenticular lens can switch two and three dimensional images by using electro-wetting principle that changes surface tensions by applying voltage. Also, dioptric power and response time of the liquid lenticular lens array are measured.
This study introduces a 3D lenticular system and its fabrication method operating with liquids. The lenses of the lenticular system consists of two immiscible liquids requiring a good uniformity of their amount. The amount is controlled by an opened structures fabricated by silicon KOH etching process. For the fabrication, a low pressure silicon nitride (LSN) is deposited on a bare <1 0 0> silicon wafer followed by a photolithography and a reactive ion etching (RIE) remaining a 200nm LSN layer. A KOH etching process is done for 2 hours with a KOH solution of 40wt% in deionized water. To fabricate the opened structure, a time controlling is required not to be fully etched. The finalized silicon wafer is sputtered by a copper layer as a seed layer for an electroplating. By the electroplating with nickel, a master mold is made. To get the high transparency, poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA) is chosen for the substrate and a hot embossing process is done by fabricated nickel mold with PMMA. The PMMA is coated by gold as an electrode and parylene C and Teflon multi-layer as dielectric layers. For two immiscible liquids, deionized water and a mixture of dodecane and 1-Chloronaphthalene are used. The dosing process is done in underwater environment and the mixed oil is dosed uniformly as the oil has tendency to spread onto the substrate. After sealing the active liquid lenticular devices is fabricated and good uniformity is achieved.
Lenticular type multi-view display is one of the most popular ways for implementing three dimensional display. This method has a simple structure and exhibits a high luminance. However, fabricating the lenticular lens is difficult because it requires optically complex calculations. 2D-3D conversion is also impossible due to the fixed shape of the lenticular lens. Electrowetting based liquid lenticular lens has a simple fabrication process compared to the solid lenticular lens and the focal length of the liquid lenticular lens can be changed by applying the voltage. 3D and 2D images can be observed with a convex and a flat lens state respectively. Despite these advantages, the electrowetting based liquid lenticular lens demands high driving voltage and low breakdown voltage with a single dielectric layer structure. A certain degree of thickness of the dielectric layer is essential for a uniform operation and a low degradation over time. This paper presents multilayer dielectric structure which results in low driving voltage and the enhanced dielectric breakdown. Aluminum oxide (Al2O3), silicon oxide (SiO2) and parylene C were selected as the multilayer insulators. The total thickness of the dielectric layer of all samples was the same. This method using the multilayer dielectric structure can achieve the lower operating voltage than when using the single dielectric layer. We compared the liquid lenticular lens with three kinds of the multilayer dielectric structure to one with the parylene C single dielectric layer in regard to operational characteristics such as the driving voltage and the dielectric breakdown.
Lenticular multi-view system has great potential of three dimensional image realization. This paper introduces a fabrication of liquid lenticular lens array and an idea of increasing view points with a same resolution. Tunable liquid lens array can produce three dimensional images by using electro-wetting principle that changes surface tensions by applying voltage. The liquid lenticular device consists of a chamber, two different liquids and a sealing plate. To fabricate the chamber, an <100> silicon wafer is wet-etched by KOH solution and a trapezoid shaped chamber can be made after a certain time. The chamber having slanted walls is advantageous for electro-wetting achieving high diopter. Electroplating is done to make a nikel mold and poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA) chamber is fabricated through an embossing process. Indium tin oxide (ITO) is sputtered and parylene C and Teflon AF1600 is deposited for dielectric and hydrophobic layer respectively. Two immiscible liquids are injected and a glass plate as a sealing plate is covered with polycarbonates (PC) gaskets and sealed by UV adhesive. Two immiscible liquids are D.I water and a mixture of 1-chloronaphthalene and dodecane. The completed lenticular lens shows 2D and 3D images by applying certain voltages. Dioptric power and operation speed of the lenticular lens array are measured. A novel idea that an increment of viewpoints by electrode separation process is also proposed. The left and right electrodes of lenticular lens can be induced by different voltages and resulted in tilted optical axis. By switching the optical axis quickly, two times of view-points can be achieved with a same pixel resolution.
Liquid-filled square lens array has been developed for an alternative to solid lens array because of its advantage in variable focus length. In addition, the square lens array has advantage with high fill factor compared to liquid circular lens array which is another alternative. However, one of the main limitations of conventional square lens array is the distortion. In this paper, distortion-free liquid square lens array is proposed. The partition walls of the proposed square lens array is fabricated into hemispherical shape to reduce the distortion, and then additional vertical walls are set up on the hemispherical structures to unify the height of partition walls and divide chamber sections. UV lithography techniques are used to fabricate this structure, and diffuser which has an angle of 80 degrees is used in the process. Photoresist is exposed to scattered ultraviolet rays which pass through the diffuser, and hemispherical lens-shaped structures of photoresist remains after development process. Supplementary vertical partition walls are obtained by additional photoresist patterning process on the structure. In this structure, the interface between oil and water comes into contact with the surface of the hemispherical walls, and the refractive index of oil and the walls are equally matched to maximize the part which acts as lens in the chamber. The proposed liquid square lens array can provide us with aberration-free 3D images with high fill factor.
Tunable liquid lens arrays can produce three dimensional images by using electrowetting principle that alters surface tensions by applying voltage. This method has advantages of fast response time and low power consumption. However, it is challenging to fabricate a high fill factor liquid lens array and operate three dimensional images which demand high diopter. This study describes a hybrid structure lens array which has not only a liquid lens array but a solid lens array. A concave-shape lens array is unavoidable when using only the liquid lens array and some voltages are needed to make the lens flat. By placing the solid lens array on the liquid lens array, initial diopter can be positive. To fabricate the hybrid structure lens array, a conventional lithographic process in semiconductor manufacturing is needed. A negative photoresist SU-8 was used as chamber master molds. PDMS and UV adhesive replica molding are done sequentially. Two immiscible liquids, DI water and dodecane, are injected in the fabricated chamber, followed by sealing. The fabricated structure has a 20 by 20 pattern of cylindrical shaped circle array and the aperture size of each lens is 1mm. The thickness of the overall hybrid structure is about 2.8mm. Hybrid structure lens array has many advantages. Solid lens array has almost 100% fill factor and allow high efficiency. Diopter can be increased by more than 200 and negative diopter can be shifted to the positive region. This experiment showed several properties of the hybrid structure and demonstrated its superiority.
This paper aims to describe a slanted liquid microlens array using diffusers. Ordinary liquid microlens has vertical side walls. The shape of it, however, has several weaknesses such as a low value of diopter and a difficulty in evaporating electrode. The diffuser causes UV light to spread slantly not straightly. This research shows a result of a slanted liquid micro lens having side walls with an angle of 74 degrees and verifies a high value of diopter and a well-filmed electrode. In order to achieve a high percentage of fill factor, it also presents matching values for refractive indices of the two media, oil and chamber.
This study describes easy fabrication method for micro-lens array which has desired focal length in such a way that
without the use of reflow technique. The process includes conventional lithographic process only which can be
compatible with general semiconductor process. As constituent material, Negative photo-resist SU-8 with its developer
PGMEA is used. Two main phenomena during lithography process are adjusted to expand the volume of the PR. During
UV exposure, hardening proceeds from the top of the PR. Just after first exposure, using this property, very thin
membrane on the top of the surface of the PR can be formed by short time exposure. In the development process,
unexposed area of the PR is removed by chemical reaction with developer which causes the volume expansion if the
unexposed area is covered with thin cured film. This method is to form the lens as the molecules in the volume are not
easily escaped from the covered region. The thickness of the thin film depends on the exposure dose of 2mJ cm-2 μm-1
which determines the degree of expansion. The symmetrical volume expansion creates the membrane of lens shape and
the focal length is directly related with second exposure dose. An extended research of affecting the change of the focal
length of lens using volume expansion method by changing any other elements is discussed. This process can achieve a
focal length selective for the applications of micro-optics.
In this paper, we present a depth enhancing technique for integral imaging (II) system using a varifocal lens array. Expressible depth range of II is restricted in a specific region. If the image gets out of the region, displayed image becomes distorted and broken. The center of the region which called central depth plane (CDP) is defined by the focal length of lens array. In our experiment, liquid lens array is used for II system instead of ordinary solid lens array. The focal length of lens array varies depending on the applied voltage across. As a result, the proposed II system enables control of the location of image planes electrically. With this depth plane controllable system, time multiplexed II system is implemented. For this purpose, two objects of different positions and appropriate voltage level for each object are chosen. In display panel, elemental images for each object are alternately displayed with high frame rate and appropriate voltage levels are applied to the liquid lens array. Because the time period between two sequences is very short, both objects are seems to appear simultaneously. Hence the depth range of the constructed image is enhanced.
Generally, volumetric 3D display panel produce volume-filling three dimensional images. This paper discusses a volumetric 3D display based on periodical point light sources(PLSs) construction using a multi focal lens array(MFLA). The voxel of discrete 3D images is formed in the air via construction of point light source emitted by multi focal lens array. This system consists of a parallel beam, a spatial light modulator(SLM), a lens array, and a polarizing filter. The multi focal lens array is made with UV adhesive polymer droplet control using a dispersing machine. The MFLA consists of 20x20 circular lens array. Each lens aperture of the MFLA shows 300um on average. The polarizing filter is placed after the SLM and the MFLA to set in phase mostly mode. By the point spread function, the PLSs of the system are located by the focal length of each lens of the MFLA. It can also provide the moving parallax and relatively high resolution. However it has a limit of viewing angle and crosstalk by a property of each lens. In our experiment, we present the letter ‘C’, ‘O’, ‘DE’ and ball’s surface with the different depth location. It could be seen clearly that when CCD camera is moved to its position following as transverse axis of the display system. From our result, we expect that varifocal lens like EWOD and LC-lens can be applied for real time volumetric 3D display system.
Electrowetting has been widely studied for various optical applications such as optical switch, sensor, prism, and display. In this study, vari-focal liquid lens array is developed using electrowetting principle to construct integral 3-dimensional imaging. The electrowetting principle that changes the surface tension by applying voltage has several advantages to realize active optical device such as fast response time, low electrical consumption, and no mechanical moving parts. Two immiscible liquids that are water and oil are used for forming lens. By applying a voltage to the water, the focal length of the lens could be tuned as changing contact angle of water. The fabricated electrowetting vari-focal liquid lens array has 1mm diameter spherical lens shape that has 1.6mm distance between each lens. The number of lenses on the panel is 23x23 and the focal length of the lens array is simultaneously tuned from -125 to 110 diopters depending on the applied voltage. The fabricated lens array is implemented to integral 3-dimensional imaging. A 3D object is reconstructed by fabricated liquid lens array with 23x23 elemental images that are generated by 3D max tools. When liquid lens array is tuned as convex state. From vari-focal liquid lens array implemented integral imaging system, we expect that depth enhanced integral imaging can be realized in the near future.
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