Luminescence based detection has been widely used in diverse science and engineering applications. The recent development of the smartphone has enabled end users to utilize this communication device as a portable detector and instruments such as a microscope, fluorimeter, colorimeter, and spectrometer. To transform the smartphone into a bioluminescence detector, our group developed an advanced signal processing algorithm and an optical chamber designed for efficient photon capture. This solution was required to overcome the typical sensitivity of the CMOS-based smartphone camera such that sub-nano to pico Watt levels of power can be measured with conventional smartphones. Preliminary experiments conducted with the bioluminescent Pseudomonas fluorescens M3A shows a detection limit of approximately 106 CFU/ml. To achieve sensitive detection while maintaining the portability, we explored using the recently developed silicon photomultiplier (SiPM), and designed a portable bioluminescence sensor which shows a 2-3 order higher sensitivity on calibration sample testing. Finally, for live sample testing, Escherichia coli O157:H7 was inoculated on a ground beef sample and subjected to luminescence phage based detection and a luminescence signal was generated from the bacteriophage infection and detected within 8-10 h after spiking.
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