Hollow-core fibers (HCFs) have been under intense research interest thanks to their many advantages including low latency, low nonlinearity, and temperature insensitivity. The most recent progress on the double nested antiresonant nodeless fiber (DNANF) demonstrated fiber losses of only 0.174 dB/km. Transmission of ultra-short, high-peak-power pulses can greatly benefit from low nonlinearity of HCFs. However, the waveguide dispersion in HCFs such as DNANF is typically 2-3 ps/(nm·km) in the low-loss transmission region, still causing unwanted pulses broadening. Here, we demonstrate a low-loss interconnection between HCF and a dispersion-compensating fiber (DCF), enabling to obtain HCF+DCF link with zero-net dispersion. To adapt the relatively small mode-filed diameter (MFD) of DCF (4.9 μm) to the MFD of the HCF, we first splice a short segment of graded-index (GRIN) multi-mode fiber on the DCF. The GRIN fiber is then polished to a specific length to obtain an optimal MFD adaptation to our HCF, which was a nested antiresonant nodeless fiber (NANF) with 26.3 μm MFD at 1550 nm. We obtained a loss of only 0.55 dB for the whole DCF-GRIN-NANF component. By depositing an anti-reflective coating on the mode-field adapter end-face, the interconnection loss can be further reduced to 0.39 dB.
The attenuation of hollow-core fibers (HCFs) is predicted to surpass the minimum intrinsic attenuation of standard single-mode fibers (SMFs) in the near future. Recent advances in HCF performance and drawing technology have motivated their application not only in telecommunications but also in sensing and high-power delivery. Among HCFs, nested antiresonant nodeless fibers (NANFs) have shown the lowest attenuation values with 0.28 dB/km at 1550 nm and 0.22 dB/km at 1625 nm. Furthermore, the latest generation of NANFs effectively mitigates higher-order modes, which in some applications introduces a significantly limiting factor. As HCFs are becoming more available, their incorporation into standard SMF-based systems needs to be efficiently addressed.
Various solutions to the HCF-SMF interconnection have already been proposed, such as the commonly employed fusion splicing with bridge fibers, using tapers to match the mode-fields, employing micro-optics, or using the fiber-array approach. Based on the fiber-array approach we have recently demonstrated losses of only 0.16 dB per interconnection and back reflection below -60 dB.
But what if the interconnection itself can provide some additional functionality beyond low loss and low back reflection?
Such an approach was already proposed in the micro-optics interconnection providing a function as an optical isolator or a wavelength-division multiplexer. Still, the relatively high complexity of such a device might limit its wider application.
In this talk, I will overview current trends in HCF-SMF interconnection techniques which are enabling their incorporation into current SMF-based fiber-optic systems. I will present a future outlook of providing additional functionality to the HCF-SMF interconnection. I will focus on an interconnection technique we developed, based on the fiber-array approach. I will show how components such as an optical filter, a gas cell, or a Fabry-Perot cavity can be easily formed by simple tailoring of the HCF-SMF interconnection.
In this paper, we present results of long-term stability tests of a low-loss (<0.55 dB) hollow core fiber (HCF) to standard optical fiber interconnection prepared by modified gluing-based fiber-array technology. We measured insertion loss of three interconnected HCF samples over a period of 100 days at room temperature, observing a variation in insertion loss of less than 0.02 dB. Subsequently, we placed the HCF samples in a climatic chamber and heated to +85°C in four cycles. Maximum insertion loss variation of 0.10 dB was observed for HCF samples with angled 8° interconnections and only 0.02 dB for a HCF sample with a flat interconnection.
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