Mid-infrared absorption spectroscopy is nowadays considered as a routine analysis and sensing tool providing highly discriminatory information on organic and inorganic molecules. The specific needs of the transport, aerospace or energy industries may involve applications for which the spectroscopic sensor has to withstand high temperatures. This paper reports the design and fabrication of a silica hollow-core anti-resonant fiber with 8 non touching capillaries primarily designed for mid-infrared COx sensing inside engines. Numerical and analytical simulations performed to ensure fiber transparency in the 4-5 µm region are reported. Optical transmission between 3.9 µm and 4.7 µm is observed and demonstrate attenuation below 1 dB/m for single capillary ring fibers in this range. A preliminary scheme for CO2 sensing using a quantum cascade laser operating in one of the fiber’s transmission windows (λ=4.3 µm) is depicted.
In this paper we investigate photodarkening and photobleaching impact in 1030 nm ytterbium doped fiber lasers and we compare results with previous experiments made with 1070 nm fiber lasers built from the same kind of alumino-silicate fiber. The possibility of using a common model with no free parameters may suggest that lower photodarkening experienced in 1030 nm fiber lasers is simply due to lower inversion required, with no influence due to the wavelength of laser photons.
Chalcogenide glasses are known for their large transparency in the mid-infrared and their high linear refractive index (>2). They present also a high non-linear coefficient (n2), 100 to 1000 times larger than for silica, depending on the composition. we have developed a casting method to prepare the microstructured chalcogenide preform. This method allows optical losses as low as 0.4 dB/m at 1.55 µm and less than 0.05 dB/m in the mid IR. Various chalcogenide MOFs operating in the IR range has been fabricated in order to associate the high non-linear properties of these glasses and the original MOF properties. For example, small core fibers have been drawn to enhance the non linearities for telecom applications such as signal regeneration and generation of supercontinuum sources. On another hand, in the 3-12 µm window, single mode fibers and exposed core fibers have been realized for Gaussian beams propagation and sensors applications respectively.
In this work we discuss the impact of visible light radiation on photodarkening generation in 1070-nm Yb-doped fiber lasers. Simultaneous photodarkening and photobleaching effects induced by 976 nm and 405 nm or 550 nm radiations respectively were investigated. We observed a significant photobleaching effect due to 405 nm radiation but not a complete recovery. A strong absorption of the 405 nm radiation by the excited ions (Excited-State Absorption) was also observed and found as a main limiting factor for the bleaching performance together with observation of photodarkening losses induced by ground-state absorption. To proper define the optimum bleaching wavelength we report, for the first time to the best of our knowledge, the Excited-State Absorption cross section in the visible range. The reported experiments allow to individuate the main parameters defining the optimum bleaching wavelength. In a final experiment, using optimized 550-nm wavelength bleaching radiation, we were able to operate a laser at 93% of its pristine power level compensating a power drop of about 45% in absence of bleaching. The method we present is an effective yet simple way to run laser using standard Al-silicate fibers with doping level over 1026 ions/m3 and high inversion.
In this paper we report our investigation on the lifetime reduction in ytterbium doped aluminosilicate fibers due to the pump induced photodarkening (PD). We show a linear correlation between equilibrium lifetime reduction and equilibrium losses due to PD and a squared-law dependence between lifetime reduction at equilibrium and dopant concentration (wt%). Finally, we did not observe interplay between PD and quenching effect. The quantitative analysis carried out allows to determine the photodarkening quenching term in the laser rate equations system to properly model laser device.
Chalcogenide glasses are known for their transparency in the infrared optical range and their ability to be drawn as
fibers. Such optical fibers can transmit light from 2 to 20 μm depending on the composition of the glass constituting the
fiber. They are consequently good candidates to be used in biological/chemical sensing. Different types of fiber can be
used: single index fibers or microstructured fibers. Besides, a new configuration of microstructured fibers has been
developed: microstructured exposed-core fibers. This design consists of an optical fiber with a suspended micron-scale
core that is partially exposed to the external environment.
Chemical bonds of most of the molecules vibrate at a frequency corresponding to the near or mid infrared field. It is thus of a great interest to develop sensitive and portable devices for the detection of specific chemicals and biomolecules for various applications in health, the environment, national security and so on. Optical fibers define practical sensing tools. Chalcogenide glasses are known for their transparency in the infrared optical range and their ability to be drawn as fibers. They are consequently good candidates to be used in biological/chemical sensing. For that matter, in the past decade, chalcogenide glass fibers have been successfully implemented in evanescent wave spectroscopy experiments, for the detection of bio-chemical species in various fields of applications including microbiology and medicine, water pollution and CO2 detection. Different types of fiber can be used: single index fibers or microstructured fibers. Besides, in recent years a new configuration of microstructured fibers has been developed: microstructured exposed-core fibers. This design consists of an optical fiber with a suspended micron-scale core that is partially exposed to the external environment. This configuration has been chosen to elaborate, using the molding method, a chalcogenide fiber for chemical species detection. The sensitivity of this fiber to detect molecules such as propan-2-ol and acetone has been compared with those of single index fibers. Although evanescent wave absorption is inversely proportional to the fiber diameter, the result shows that an exposed-core fiber is much more sensitive than a single index fiber having a twice smaller external diameter.
We investigated photodarkening loss evolution and its reduction in Yb3+ doped aluminosilicate fibers utilizing 633 nm light irradiation. We demonstrate the final photobleaching value is intensity dependent, but the percentage of photodarkening reduction does not depend on dopant concentrations for settled bleaching intensity. We also show that the defects generated during the initial photodakening process have lower energy and can be effectively bleached by 633 nm photons while defects generated during photodarkening loss saturation cannot be bleached by low energy photons
This paper reviews and extends the work done on photodarkening by our project consortium and present our latest results
on bleaching and photodarkening mitigation in fiber lasers. We shows the need for a standard set-up to avoid
underestimation of photodarkening equilibrium losses and we suggest photodarkening losses scale with the square of Yb
doping level. Investigation on visible light emission suggest an interplay of visible light with the Yb excited level.
Finally we present an extensive investigation of photobleaching, both as post-irradiation and as simultaneous bleaching.
We show evidence photobleaching can effectively mitigate the impact of photodarkening on laser performance when
highly-doped Al-silicate fibers are used.
In this study, detailed investigation of photodarkening in Yb - doped aluminosilicate fibers is reported. The cooperative
luminescence loss influenced by photodarkening is measured simultaneously with 633 nm probe loss. The quadratic
dependence of photodarkening and cooperative luminescence versus dopant concentration was observed. The results
indicated lower cooperative luminescence loss at 513 nm than expected and provided new pieces of information to the
photodarkening mechanism description.
In this paper, an all-fiber Brillouin laser ring cavity using a 3-m-long suspended-core chalcogenide As38Se62 fiber
is reported for the first time to our knowledge. For a nonresonant ring cavity with no servo-locking, a laser
threshold power of 37 mW and an efficiency of 26 % were obtained for a fiber having a core diameter of 5 μm.
The linewidth of the Brillouin fiber laser and the pump laser were respectively measured to be below 4 kHz,
the resolution of our autocorrelator, and 250 kHz, thus showing the linewidth-narrowing nature of the Brillouin
laser. This result paves the way to compact Brillouin lasers with low threshold power and good spectral purity.
A full experimental Brillouin characterization is also reported. We measured a Brillouin gain spectrum of 14.2
MHz, a Brillouin gain coefficient of 5.6x10-9 m/W and a Brillouin frequency shift of 7.95 GHz in our fiber.
Perfos and the laboratory Glasses and Ceramics Group of University of Rennes 1 have worked together to develop a new
fabrication technique for chalcogenide preforms based on the glass-casting process. Various fiber profiles have been
designed by the Fresnel Institute and fiber losses have been significantly improved, approaching those of the material
losses. Using this technology, we have manufactured an AsSe CPCF exhibiting a nonlinear coefficient γ of
46 000 W-1km-1. Self-phase modulation, Raman effect, Brillouin effect, Four-Wave Mixing have been observed leading
to the demonstration of various optical functions such four-wave mixing based wavelength conversion at 1.55 μm by
FOTON, the demonstration of Raman Shifts and the generation of a mid-IR supercontinuum source by ONERA
and the demonstration of a Brillouin fiber laser by FOTON.
In this paper we report and summarize an extensive investigation of photodarkening in Yb-doped silica fibers. We made
a set of similar fibers in order to cover a large Yb concentration range. The results show that once uniform inversion is
reached all along the test fiber it is possible to show self-similarity of the time evolutions. The stretching parameter has a
little influence. We can therefore provide two unique numbers to define photodarkening performance: the saturation loss
and the time scale parameter. We also propose a possible figure of merit to compare different fibers. This may allow to
evaluate the impact of photodarkening on laser/amplifier devices.
We compare, thanks to a Sagnac interferometer, the phase sensitivity to strain of different microstructured
optical silica fibers (MSF) that we design and fabricate. Our results show that when a same elongation is applied
to different MSF, the induced phase change is equal or lower than the one obtained for a standard fiber, showing
no advantage on this parameter for sensing applications.
Chalcogenide glasses are well known materials due to their transparency in the infrared optical range and their ability to
be drawn into optical fibers. Such fibers can transmit light from 1 to 20 μm depending on the composition of the glass
constituting the fiber. Besides, microstructured silica fibers have been successfully used as fiber sensors as the holes can
be filled with liquid or gas to achieve overlap of the mode field (doing the sensing) and the sample. Since gas generally
shows a characteristic optical absorption spectrum in the mid-infrared, it can be detected selectively and quantitatively in
a given environment by analysing mid-IR spectra, in a region where silica fibers can't be used due to their low
transmission. Microstructured optical fibers made of chalcogenide glass will permit to implement this measurement and
detect species such as CO2 through its absorption band near 4.2 μm.
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