In this paper, the effect of binary labelling bins for lattice quantization index modulation techniques is studied.
The problem can be solved in one dimension using Gray codes but it is not straightforward for higher dimensions
due to more directionality. We show the impact of different labellings on the overall performance of two-dimensional
lattice quantization index modulation watermarking systems. Heuristically, we present solutions for
these systems, where our analysis includes (1) robustness tests against JPEG and JPEG 2000 compression and
(2) transmission over an AWGN channel.
In this paper we concentrate on robust image watermarking (i.e. capable of resisting common signal processing
operations and intentional attacks to destroy the watermark) based on image features. Kutter et al.7 motivated
that well chosen image features survive admissible image distortions and hence can benefit the watermarking
process. These image features are used as location references for the region in which the watermark is embedded.
To realize the latter, we make use of previous work16 where a ring-shaped region, centered around an image
feature is determined for watermark embedding. We propose to choose a specific sequence of image features
according to strict criteria so that the image features have large distance to other chosen image features so
that the ring shaped embedding regions do not overlap. Nevertheless, such a setup remains prone to insertion,
deletion and substitution errors. Therefore we applied a two-step coding scheme similar to the one employed by
Coumou and Sharma4 for speech watermarking. Our contribution here lies in extending Coumou and Sharma's
one dimensional scheme to the two dimensional setup that is associated with our watermarking technique.
The two-step coding scheme concatenates an outer Reed-Solomon error-correction code with an inner, blind,
synchronization mechanism.
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