Tomosynthesis, i.e. reconstruction of 3D volumes using projections from a limited perspective is a classical inverse, ill-posed or under constrained problem. Data insufficiency leads to reconstruction artifacts that vary in severity depending on the particular problem, the reconstruction method and also on the object being imaged. Machine learning has been used successfully in tomographic problems where data is insufficient, but the challenge with machine learning is that it introduces bias from the learning dataset. A novel framework to improve the quality of the tomosynthesis reconstruction that limits the learning dataset bias by maintaining consistency with the observed data is proposed. Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) are embedded as regularizers in the reconstruction process to introduce the expected features and characterstics of the likely imaged object. The minimization of the objective function keeps the solution consistent with the observations and limits the bias introduced by the machine learning regularizers, improving the quality of the reconstruction. The proposed method has been developed and studied in the specific problem of Cone Beam Tomosynthesis Flouroscopy (CBT-fluoroscopy)1 but it is a general framework that can be applied to any image reconstruction problem that is limited by data insufficiency.
Regional x-ray exposure management is a class of techniques for x-ray dose reduction and image quality improvement in radiography and fluoroscopy. X-ray intensity is modulated spatially prior to the beam's interaction with the imaged objects for optimal dose efficiency. The optimal intensity field may be determined from the imaged objects' morphology, local dose sensitivities, regions of clinical interest, and expected information. We present the derivation and simulation results for a method for automated feedback-controlled real-time spatial modulation of the x-ray intensity field. The method employs spatial x-ray gating, a technique in which various beam regions are blocked for controlled portions of the frame integration period while the beam intensity is modulated in time. The method promises to provide controllable smooth x-ray intensity fields with precise and sensitive controls operating, if desired, automatically in a feedback loop.
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