The Vera C. Rubin Observatory is reaching the final stages of its construction and integration, advancing towards its 10-year Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST). One of the key milestones was the installation of the M1M3 Mirror Cell Assembly onto the Simonyi Survey Telescope’s (SST) Telescope Mount Assembly (TMA). The Cell Assembly actively supports the primary/tertiary mirror (M1M3), playing a crucial role in maintaining the glass safe and ensuring image quality. However, before the mirror glass installation, the Cell Assembly was installed on the TMA while supporting a steel surrogate M1M3 mirror. This surrogate closely mimics the glass mirror’s mass, center of gravity, and geometry. The M1M3 cell and surrogate were tested under conditions that simulate rapid field changes in the sky, which are essential for the observatory’s ambitious sky mapping schedule. These tests, extending from 1-100% of designed telescope slew velocities/accelerations, assessed the M1M3 active mirror support system, including the force balance system’s performance, the hardpoint behaviors, and the efficacy of the pneumatic figure control actuators. Preliminary results suggest the system meets operational requirements, ensuring safety and effectiveness at full speed.
The M2 secondary mirror of the Vera C. Rubin Observatory, scheduled to be commissioned on-sky in 2024, will be the first active secondary mirror of 3.5m diameter in operation. Its substantial dimensions and advanced functionalities place it in league with the secondary mirrors of the upcoming 30m class telescopes. Characterizing its performance serves as a critical step towards comprehending and controlling the optics of the next generation of Extremely Large Telescopes (ELTs). This study focuses on testing and validating the M2 cell in the Observatory’s integration hall and at the Telescope Mount Assembly (TMA). We also report on the integration steps of the M2 cell onto the TMA itself, including installing the light baffle. During the testing campaign, the M2 cell is equipped with an aluminum mirror surrogate for safety reasons regarding the glass mirror. To ensure integrity when the thin glass mirror (10cm) is installed onto the telescope, the M2 support system must be actively controlled during any M2 cell movement. This prompted the development of a dedicated control system to enable closed loop mode for transporting the M2 cell with the glass mirror from the integration hall to the telescope. The tests in the integration hall were conducted with the M2 cell mounted on a rotating cart, allowing different orientations with respect to gravity as it will experience on the telescope. Upon reaching the telescope, static and dynamic tests are conducted at progressively higher telescope performance, increasing slewing speed, acceleration, and jerk. A significant novelty introduced by Rubin to astronomical instrumentation is the Verification & Validation architecture as part of the model-based Systems Engineering approach where requirements, test procedures and executions are merged into an interlaced and dynamic flow. This report presents the experimental results from the distinct test campaigns covering a wide range of M2 cell functionalities. These include characterization of actuator behavior in terms of maximum stroke and force limits, evaluation of closed-loop (active) and open-loop (passive) support system operation for the M2, system settling time and Force Balance response to different slewing speeds of the telescope.
KEYWORDS: Mirrors, Field programmable gate arrays, LabVIEW, Telescopes, Control systems, Observatories, Human-machine interfaces, Control systems design, Telecommunications, Actuators, Borosilicate glass
The Rubin Observatory’s Simonyi Survey Telescope M1M3 is a lightweight honeycomb 8.4 meter Ohara E- 6 borosilicate glass mirror, cast by the University of Arizona (UofA) Mirror Lab. It combines primary and tertiary mirror surfaces, hence its acronym. Its control software might be referenced as a 3rd generation UofA mirror active control system - after the Multiple Mirror Telescope’s (MMT) and the Large Binocular Telescope Observatory’s (LBTO). The control software uses a combination of LabVIEW Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA),1 C++ (”back office”), and Python/Web (Graphical User Interface (GUI)/Engineering User Interface (EUI) to control the mirror. With the telescope’s first light expected soon, details of control software evolution, performed changes, as well as new development and status are described.
The LSST Coating Plant consists of a Coating Chamber for high reflective optical coatings deposition and a Cleaning and Stripping Station for the M1M3 and M2 mirrors. The Coating Chamber sputtering process will be capable of depositing bare and protected Silver/Aluminum coating recipes. The Cleaning and Stripping Station consists of a rotating washing/drying boom, perimeter platforms, and an effluent handling system within the M1/M3 mirror cell. This paper describes the status of the Coating Plant construction effort at the Von Ardenne and MAN facilities. Progress on factory testing, review of the design features and reflective/coating requirements, and results are presented.
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