It is desirable for executive officers of law enforcement agencies and other executive officers in homeland security and defense, as well as first responders, to have some basic information about the latest trend on mobile, portable lightweight wireless video recording solutions available on the market. This paper reviews and discusses a number of studies on the use and effectiveness of wireless video recording solutions. It provides insights into the features of wearable video recording devices that offer excellent applications for the category of security agencies listed in this paper. It also provides answers to key questions such as: how to determine the type of video recording solutions most suitable for the needs of your agency, the essential features to look for when selecting a device for your video needs, and the privacy issues involved with wearable video recording devices.
KEYWORDS: Sensors, Signal detection, Target detection, System identification, Detection and tracking algorithms, Environmental sensing, Seismic sensors, Signal processing, Amplifiers, Roads
General Sensing Systems (GSS) has achieved outstanding and verifiable results in the design and development of
various seismic detection and identification systems. These results include, in particular, new seismic miniature
sensor design and seismic signal recording and research for many traditional and nontraditional targets - walking,
running and jumping persons, heavy and light vehicles, helicopters and aircraft, ships, trains, etc. These results also
include the hardware design for up-to-date unattended seismic detection and identification systems. The main
outcome of our effort is detection and identification algorithms and corresponding software for personnel and
vehicle detection and identification which were tested in real environment conditions. These algorithms provide a
zero false alarm rate with no target missing and can be used for many real and important military and homeland
security applications. We also report on future seismic detection and identification systems for various military and
civil applications.
KEYWORDS: Sensors, Signal detection, Detection and tracking algorithms, Target detection, Electronic filtering, Roads, Plano, Signal processing, Connectors, Seismic sensors
General Sensing Systems (GSS) has developed a new seismic, unattended small size module that detects and identifies not only human footsteps but also light and heavy vehicles with near zero false alarm rates. This module has extremely low power consumption and can operate for several months using standard commercial batteries. This paper describes the design of this module that can communicate with any radio transducer or computer. We also report on the preliminary lab and field testing that was implemented in various environment conditions. We show that the new unattended, small size detection module demonstrates the same reliable performance as our previous footstep detection systems and has the added capability of detecting and identifying light and heavy vehicles.
General Sensing Systems (GSS) has achieved outstanding and verifiable results in the design and performance of
seismic systems with near zero false alarm rates for the detection of walking and running persons. These results were
realized in a number of detection systems and in particular in small size seismic detection modules. Preliminary testing
of these seismic modules in various environment noise conditions shows that such small unattended modules can be
successfully used for other target detection. Potential target sets can include light and heavy vehicles, helicopters,
aircraft, and ships. This paper describes preliminary results of such target detection and preliminary experimental data
about corresponding detection range. We show that the new unattended, small size detection module demonstrates
reliable performance in various environment conditions.
Seismic detection systems for homeland defense and security applications are an important additional layer to perimeter, border and zone protection. General Sensing Systems has been developing a novel method and corresponding software for footstep detection with a near zero false alarm rate. This method has been realized in a number of detection systems. The testing of the GSS seismic systems in various environment noise conditions showed that such systems can be successfully used for other target detection. Such "unconventional" targets can include light and heavy vehicles, trains, helicopters and ships. This paper describes the signal characteristics of such targets and the preliminary experimental data on the corresponding detection range. We also report on the seismic sensor and seismic system requirements for target detection.
General Sensing Systems (GSS) has achieved outstanding and verifiable results in the design and performance of seismic systems with near zero false alarm rates for the detection of walking, running, and jumping persons. These results have been reported in various homeland security and military applications. GSS has been developing a new seismic, unattended small size module for footstep detection. This paper describes our design for the module, which includes the two-board and one-board versions - fitting into various consumer applications. Communication interface versions, which are used in the detection module, allow the communication with any wireless surveillance network. We also report on the preliminary lab and field-testing that was implemented in various conditions. We show that the new unattended, small size detection module demonstrates the same reliable performance as our previous full size systems.
KEYWORDS: Scanning electron microscopy, Video, Metrology, Electron beams, Process control, Monte Carlo methods, Mathematical modeling, Telecommunications, Silicon, Reliability
The problem of enacting an effective Advanced Process Control (APC) system is herein discussed [1]. The schematic structure of the system is represented below: (please see manuscript). The creation of such a system with a communication link between the mask designer and lithography and process engineering of consequent operations can be broken down into two problems:
1. Organization of the interaction of services performed by APC.
2. Reliability of the measurement information obtained in SEM CD metrology. We will focus on the second problem. The effectiveness of the operation of the APC system depends on the reliability (precision and accuracy) of the measurement outcomes.
Seismic detection systems for homeland security applications are an important additional layer to perimeter and border protection and other security systems. General Sensing Systems has been developing low mass, low cost, highly sensitive geophones. These geophones are being incorporated within a seismic cable. This article reports on
the concept of a seismic sensitive cable and seismic sensitive ribbon design. Unlike existing seismic cables with sensitivity distributed along their lengths, the GSS new cable and ribbon possesses high sensitivity distributed in several points along the cable/ribbon with spacing of about 8-12 to 100 meters between geophones. This cable/ribbon is highly suitable for design and installation in extended perimeter protection systems. It allows the use of a mechanical cable layer for high speed installation. We show that any installation mistakes in using the GSS seismic sensitive cable/ribbon have low impact on output seismic signal value and detection range of security systems.
KEYWORDS: Sensors, Seismic sensors, Defense technologies, Target detection, Signal detection, Defense and security, Homeland security, Manufacturing, Signal processing, Sensing systems
General Sensing Systems (GSS) has been developing seismic sensors for different security and military applications for the past several years. Research and development in this area does not have a single-value purpose as security and military applications are of a broad variety. Many of the requirements for seismic sensors are well known. Herein we describe additional requirements for seismic sensors that are not at the center of common attention and associated with high performance seismic sensors. We find that the hard issues related to "remote" deployment/installation methods can be solved, given the seismic sensor does not have the usual single-axis sensitivity, but sensitivity to arbitrary oriented impact/vibrations. Our results show that such a sensor can be designed, in particular based on electret materials. We report that traditional frequency response curve linearity is not always the appropriate goal. Such issues as useful signal frequency band and an interference immunity should be directly taken into account. In addition, the mechanical oscillator of the seismic sensor should have a very broad dynamic range about 120dB, or an adjustable sensitivity for use in various tactical applications. We find that increasing sensitivity is not so much needed as is reducing of the seismic sensor sensitivity threshold. The lower sensitivity threshold in higher target detection range can be obtained in low noise environmental conditions. We will also show that the attempt to design and manufacture a universal seismic sensor for every possible application seems unreasonable. In every respect it makes sense to design a seismic sensor set, which can fit and satisfy all plurality of the applications and multi objective requirements.
General Sensing Systems (GSS) has been successfully developing a new sensor for the past several years. Herein we describe the lab and field testing of this small size, extremely lost cost and high performance seismic sensor intended for up-to-date security and military systems. This article delivers the latest results of the wide-ranging laboratory and field tests of this new sensor. During the testing, GSS’s new sensor was compared with the leading commercially available geophones, the GS-14-L3 and GS-20DX geophones produced by Geo Space Corporation. The obtained results confirm our pilot lab testing [1] in terms of the advantages of new sensor. The results show that the new GSS sensor has an expanding frequency response range in both the low and high frequency areas. The GSS sensor also has the highest sensitivity among all the compared geophones as well as a lower sensitivity threshold. This point is significant for real signal interpretation in heavy noise environments and is a significant advantage of the GSS sensor’s performance in comparison to that of existing commercial geophones. The comparative field test results show that the GSS sensor allows to detect footstep signal by almost 3 times larger distance between the sensor and walking person. This is crucial for increased detection range of seismic-acoustic reconnaissance systems. In general, the results show it is possible to manufacture very small and inexpensive seismic sensors with significantly improved performance characteristics.
The problem of quantifying LER in the semiconductor industry has become critical with sub-100nm node manufacturing. However, routine methods for LER measurement to meet the needs of industry have not been reported. Even the definition for LER has not been defined unambiguously. Also, the length of the photoresist structure, on which LER is measured, has not bee standardized.
Meanwhile, demands for precision in LER calculations have been put forward without accounting for the statistical nature of this parameter. In addition, the algorithms used for feature edge localization when performing LER measurements frequently have free parameters which makes LER estimation ambiguous and does not allow LER comparisons of the same feature. In particular, without taking into account the influence of signal noise in the SEM video, the LER measurements obtained will have contributions from both the measured feature and measuring tool (SEM). The manner in which this measurement is done results in LER values that exceed the true LER. Moreover, when measured objects have spect ratios exceeding three, it is not clear where along the cross-section height of the object-bottom, top, or some intermediate position-correspond to the measured values. The above issues make the interpretation of obtained results very difficult, and significantly reduces the reliability and value of LER measurement results present in the referenced literature.
Nanometrology has developed a new concept for LER measurements that is free of many of the disadvantages mentioned above. It is based on the definition of LER as "a standard deviation of the factual edge position on SEM scan lines from an approximated straight line". Nanometrology's use of a patented algorithm for edge localization of 3D objects results in the measurement of the bottom CD of photoresist structures. Our algorithms do not have free parameters. These algorithms have been incorporated into a CD measurement software package called CD-LER.
General Sensing Systems (GSS) has developed a sensor based on electrets material. Herein we describe the creation and lab testing of this very small and high performance seismic sensor intended for up-to-date security and military systems. This article delivers the first results of laboratory tests of this small size and extremely low cost new sensor. This new sensor was compared with the most popular geophones, the GS-14-L3 and GS-20DX geophones produced by Geo Space Corporation. The results show that the new, GSS sensor has an expanding frequency response range in both the low and high frequency areas. This is crucial for increased detection range of seismic-acoustic and hydro acoustic reconnaissance systems. The new, GSS sensor also has the highest sensitivity among all the compared geophones as well as a lower sensitivity threshold. When the amplitude of vibrations is very small, the GS-14-L3 and GS-20DX geophones, for example, miss signals-whereas the new sensor has a good response. Specifically, this performance characteristic of the new GSS sensor also allows the development of reconnaissance systems with a high detection range. Test results also show that the new sensor demonstrates good signal discrimination, ensuring efficient signal interpretation. In general, the results reported here show that the use of electrets materials enables the manufacture of very small and inexpensive seismic-acoustic and hydro acoustic sensors with improved performance characteristics.
Performance of seismic security systems relies on the particular application of the characteristics of seismic sensors. Current seismic sensors do not yield best possible results. In addition to identifying the requirements for optimal seismic sensors, we have developed seismic sensors for defense and security applications. We show two different types of seismic sensors: a miniscule, extremely low cost sensor and a bulk sensor.
The miniscule, extremely low cost sensor is an electret-based geophone for both seismic and acoustic detection systems. This geophone detects a small size object - i.e. a walking/running/crawling person or a small underwater vehicle-that moves on the surface, underground, and/or in the water. It can also detect large size objects-i.e. heavy vehicles, trucks, tanks-as well as be used in littoral warfare. The electret-based design significantly improves technical characteristics achieving performance uniqueness: expanded frequency response range in the low frequency area, improved sensitivity threshold and accuracy response, and improved sensor's protection from electromagnetic interference.
The bulk sensor has an extremely large detection surface, a nanocomposite body in special form casing, and a special electronic circuit. These sensors allow detection of footstep signals in high ambient seismic noise levels. However, installation requires significant installation groundwork effort.
Seismic footstep detection-based systems are very important for various homeland security and military applications. Their performance and usefulness strongly depends on the characteristics of the seismic sensors. Unfortunately, currently available seismic sensors do not provide in satisfactory results. This paper describes the main issues of using seismic sensors for detection purposes and shows the key disadvantages of the most popular commercial seismic sensors/geophones. According to our results, the following are the key issues of poor seismic sensor performance:
- Poor response to low frequency signals, leading to decrease of the detection range of targets
- Unsatisfactory sensitivity threshold, causing missing low level seismic signals from outlying targets
- Long damping signal time and corresponding low accuracy response, leading to problems with outlying target detection in high level noise environments
- Low noise immunity from electromagnetic interference making seismic sensor operation in radar installation areas unreliable
- Relatively bulky size and high price, which prevents extensive use of seismic sensors
In addition, we have formulated objective requirements for seismic sensors to be used in defense and security applications
KEYWORDS: Signal detection, Interference (communication), Environmental sensing, Homeland security, Sensors, Electronic filtering, Defense and security, Seismic sensors, Signal to noise ratio, Sensing systems
The development of security systems based on seismic footstep detection is critical for homeland security and defense applications. The performance of these systems depends on various factors, including noise and signal levels in the real environment. This paper describes the effect of different real seismic noise sources -- such as highways, railroads, operating machinery, trees and shrubs swaying in the wind -- on seismic security system performance as these sources can be located close to the detection area. It is demonstrated that by moving away from these sources, the noise source spectra constantly change. Additionally, we present accurate results for the behavior of footstep signal reduction versus distance for a moving (walking/running) person and the seismic sensors. The effects of seismic signal summation and the noise associated with a number of sensors in environments such as ledge rock and soft earth surface is also discussed.
The pitch of a Hitachi Standard Micro Scale was measured using NanoCal and a LEO 1560 SEM. The pitch pedigree and certification were intentionally withheld from Nanometrology team members to enable independent measurement and certification of an unknown Hitachi Micro Scale standard during this work. NanoCal allows one to achieve pitch measurements with sub-nanometer accuracy and precision as well as to perform SEM magnification calibration with the precision and accuracy required for sub 90 nm SEM metrology.
KEYWORDS: Calibration, Scanning electron microscopy, Metrology, Critical dimension metrology, Precision calibration, System integration, Logic, Roads, Material characterization, Data analysis
Precision can no longer be disassociated from accuracy. In fact, the two parameters must go hand in hand in the current 100 nm and below metrology environment. Therefore stating that "precision is more important than accuracy" does not capture the criticality of measurements of logic and memory chips with critical dimensions (CD) of 100 nm and below. The ITRS roadmap continues to set attainable milestones, calling for CD measurements with 3 σ to fall within a 0.9 nm error budget for the 100 nm mode, translating to ±0.9%. This implies tool calibration precision of 0.1% for 3σ. The methods in the industry today avoid both precision and accuracy and therefore cannot achieve the ITRS requirements. The resultant low precision and no accuracy in the SEM measurements lead to 'matching' and 'offset tables' that waste time, lose efficiency and potentially produce lower yield. Nanometrology's integrated system, NanoCal, a software/hardware product offers the first opportunity to combine both precision and accuracy in SEM magnification calibration. Using NanoCal in this work, we report that out of fab SEMs can be calibrated to 0.1% precision and 1 nm accuracy.
Seismic footstep detection based systems for homeland security applications are an important additional layer to perimeter protection and other security systems. This article reports seismic footstep signal characterization for different signal to noise ratios. Various footstep signal spectra are analyzed for different distances between a walking person and a seismic sensor. We also investigated kurtosis of the real footstep signals under various
environmental and modeled noises. We also report on the results of seismic signal summation from separate geophones. A seismic signal sum spectrum obtained was broader than that obtained from a single sensor. The peak of the seismic signal sum was broader than that from the footstep signal of the single sensor. The signal and noise
spectra have a greater overlap for a seismic signal sum than that from a single sensor. Generally, it is more difficult to filter out the noise from the sum of the seismic signals. We show that the use of the traditional approach of spectrum technology and/or the statistical characteristics of signal to noise of reliable footstep detection systems is not practical.
Tactical capabilities of single and three axis geophones for seismic detection and bearing estimation for homeland security and defense applications are described. It is shown that typically three axis geophones yield a high bearing estimation error. An alternate bearing estimation approach is based on using the time delay in footstep signal detection from three triangulated single axis vertical geophones. In this approach the standard deviation of the bearing estimation error is less than 12 degrees for a walking person distance of 10 to 70m and geophone distances of 8 to 9 m.
We find that using the three-axis geophone approach makes it harder for path tracking and bearing estimation within the tactical zone area. We report that a single-axis geophone approach for riangulation of walking person is more effective. In addition, road monitoring is also more efficient using a single-axis geophone approach. We compare
the relative and absolute improvement of bearing estimation probability for road monitoring using three single-axis geophones versus 1, 2 and 3 three-axis geophones. We will also discuss the use of single axis vertical geophone sets for monitoring various zone sizes.
Development of advanced seismic footstep detection systems for perimeter and zone protection can offer new method for improved homeland security and defense applications. High false alarm rates associated with current seismic security systems has been a formidable obstacle in their widespread adoption. This paper describes a novel method for seismic footstep detection in which false alarms are inhibited and virtually eliminated. In addition, a
significant increase in detection range for seismic security systems is also reported.
Proprietary software was specifically developed to improve processing of the seismic signals. This software allows one to uniquely analyze over three-dozen signal shape parameters within the detected seismic signal. This novel software enables real time signal analysis, thus effectively offering a more efficient and effective alternative to using trained personnel.
A novel approach for determining the drift behavior of an SEM with high precision in 2D space is presented. David Joy described an indirect proceudre for qualitatively detecting image drift in the time domain using FFTs of sequential images. SEM metrology is based on first acquiring an image representation of an object. In this paper, we present a direct approach for quantifying SEM image drift. The next step is applying various algorithms which attempt to determine feature boundaries. The above sequence is based on a stable SEM performance during teh image acquisition interval. If movement of the feature within the imaged field occurs during the acquisition interval, a distorted stability is a critical precursor for precision SEM metrology. We will describe a novel approach for quantifying SEM drift with a precision greeater than 0.2nm within an image field.
In order to design a reference suitable for performing CD-SEM magnification calibration with high precision and accuracy it is necessary to first identify the relevant critical issues. We will discuss why the magnification calibration reference is a key challenge; why CD-SEM magnification calibration is not trivial; and why a suitable magnification calibration reference does not currently exist. We will identify the criticalities for the above issues. We will present a novel solution leading to design criteria for a universal CD-SEM magnification calibration reference.
Accuracy in CD-SEM metrology is divided into two discrete categories. The first category is the certification of the measuring tools' (CD-SEMs) magnification behavior. This involves magnification stability, magnificaiton linearity and magnification calibration to a certified reference. The second category is the interpretation of physical feature dimensions from their representation in the CD-SEMs digital image. To date, the algorithms used to interpret physical dimensions from CD-SEM images trace their history to image analyiss algorithms developed decades ago. This paper evaluates the currently used feature analyiss algorithms available in commercial CD-SEMs and compares their behavior to a newer approach developed by nanometrology. Measurement algorithms must be stable and not contain arbitrary free parameters. In addition, the basis for the contruct of the algorithm should be founded on an understanding of e-beam sample interactions and the resulting video signal profiles resulting from this interaction.
KEYWORDS: Scanning electron microscopy, Calibration, Metrology, Distortion, Precision measurement, Data corrections, Roads, Electron microscopes, Critical dimension metrology, Signal to noise ratio
Scan linearity of a review (cross-section) Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) has been studied using Nanometrology’s proprietary software and reference samples. Nonlinearity across the field of view was measured at greater than 6.5% before and under 1% after correction by the SEM company’s engineer. The scan non-linearity was measured with precision better than 0.2% across the field of view. This is in spite of the nonuniformity of the reference sample which was measured at greater than 2.5%. The precision of the non-uniformity measurement of the reference sample was better than 0.1%.
Nanometrology's unique solution to CD-SEM magnification calibration and matching. This utilizes a novel magnification calibration reference material (MCRM) designed and fabricated on an 8 inch wafer. When used with the proprietary software, it allows one to calibrate and match individual CD-SEMs. CD-SEM behavior can now be quantified in terms of its parameters such as the average magnification in the field of view (FOV), magnification non-linearity and magnification stability. It is essential to quantify these parameters with a precision of 0.1 percent or better in order to meet requirements for sub-100nm metrology.
KEYWORDS: Signal to noise ratio, Metrology, Calibration, Video, Convolution, Scanning electron microscopy, Semiconducting wafers, Digital imaging, Precision calibration, Signal processing
Nanometrology LLC has developed a unique set of solutions for optimizing CD-SEM metrology by improving signal to noise ratio and quantifying scan non-linearity. Examples of Nanometrology's solutions for improved CD-SEM magnification calibration are demonstrated using CD-SEMs from a variety of user sites. To our knowledge, this is the first time that a method to quantify CD-SEM scan non-linearity with precision 0.1 percent has been reported. Calibration precision of 0.1 percent or better can be achieved on both cross-section and CD-SEMs to enable them to meet or exceed the requirements of the ITRS roadmap beyond 2014.
KEYWORDS: Field emission displays, Plasmons, Flat panel displays, Electron beams, Luminescence, Ions, Spherical lenses, LED displays, Light emitting diodes, RGB color model
This report reviews flat panel technologies and presents our recent breakthrough results on phosphors and phosphor screens for mid-voltage FED displays. Mid-voltage FED displays promise superior performance as compared to other flat panel display technologies, if significant improvements in cathodoluminescent efficiency can be made. The blue and green improved efficiencies of RGB non-sulfur triad and aluminized screens have been obtained and are the highest reported. The plasmon cluster approach was used to select phosphor hosts for preparation of highly efficient phosphors. This allowed us to convert phosphor synthesis and FED front plate fabrication form an art to a predictable chemical technology.
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