Demanding consumer digital imaging applications require excellent aberration correction during optical zoom. Object shifting in an optical system induces astigmatism that depends on the spherical aberration of the pupil. Although a zoom lens also refocuses and changes optical power for different configurations, obtaining the simplest configurations with astigmatism correction also requires correction of the spherical aberration of the pupil. Analysis of image quality for these factors should include focal corridor assessment across the field-of-view using an appropriate metric such as through-focus MTF. This paper discusses zoom lens correction and analysis based on these principles that enables quality consumer digital imaging products.
In this tutorial the position of the aperture stop, rather than the number of moving groups, is used as a means of examining the design characteristics, and explaining how new designs have evolved. In addition to lens diameters, as determined by paraxial locations and the effects of aberration of the pupils, the position of the pupils, and their shapes as a function of zooming will be examined. The primary objective of the tutorial is to provide insight and a better understanding of zoom lens fundamentals, towards the selection of a design starting point; whether from an existing design, or from basic principles.
Zoom lens design requires a very strong understanding of geometrical optics and how it directly relates to an optical system. Understanding both first-order optics and pupil conjugation is absolutely essential to ensure that a lens zooms correctly and avoids discontinuities. This tutorial paper explains these first-order considerations in detail and illustrates how to derive a starting configuration. The tutorial also shows how to proceed toward a final lens optimization.
High density digital sensors combined with "digital zooming" have eliminated the need for many small magnification range zoom lenses. Instead, lens designers now must design and assess zoom lenses for ever-increasing magnification ranges. The number of zoom positions for designing and assessing must increase as well, but assessing multi-spectral Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) data for many zoom positions becomes overwhelming. In this paper an efficient and effective metric, Area-Weighted Modulation-Cycles (AWMC), is proposed and reviewed for assessing imaging properties efficiently in a zoom system.gh density digital sensors combined with "digital zooming" have eliminated the need for many small magnification range zoom lenses. Instead, lens designers now must design and assess zoom lenses for ever-increasing magnification ranges. The number of zoom positions for designing and assessing must increase as well, but assessing multi-spectral Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) data for many zoom positions becomes overwhelming. In this paper an efficient and effective metric, Area-Weighted Modulation-Cycles (AWMC), is proposed and reviewed for assessing imaging properties efficiently in a zoom system.
Lens design is a continually expanding field being driven by applications with increasingly difficult packaging and
imaging constraints. In order to meet the challenges posed by current and future design tasks, axisymmetric aspheric
optical surfaces deviating from conicoids are required. Practical use of such surfaces is being enabled by ever-improving
manufacturing and metrology methods. In this paper lens design with Forbes' orthogonal aspheres is investigated. The
significant advantages of such an orthogonal representation for design of systems with good performance and
manufacturability are highlighted.
The field of optical design has a rich history and a rewarding future. Four leaders in the field will start the International Optical Design Conference with a plenary panel to discuss the history, the current trends, and what the outlook is for this exciting field. Topics will range from lens design in previous years to zoom lens to microlithography to free-form surfaces for illumination to imaging applications.
Brought on by the availability of large computers and optimizations programs, zoom lens design has advanced continuously during the past forty years. Changes in applications, manufacturing, and requirements have all contributed to a large and growing knowledge of zoom lens design. As a result entirely new zoom lens forms have been developed for use in a variety of cameraas and instruments. Most of the new designs are characterized by complex motions of zooming groups, and particularly by moving the aperture stop during zooming. Continuing to find ways to control the internal pupil imaging, the compound zoom lens has been developed. By performing the zooming operation on both sides of an intermediate image, the pupils and images are located advantageously.
A 10:1 telecentric zoom lens has been designed for metrology purposes. In addition to the specifications for high quality imaging, and less than 0.5 percent distortion throughout the range of magnification, the system has to fit within a predetermined mechanical space, and allow for coaxial illumination inserted directly into the optical axis in the space after the objective lens. This combination of specifications eliminates the possibility of using a conventional zoom lens type, primarily because the entrance pupil requirement would necessarily place the aperture stop where both size and aberrations could not be controlled. The design described includes a reimaging relay lens between the collimating objective and the zoom lens. The use of this reimaging relay lens allows for full correction of all of the aberrations, including distortion, and satisfies the mechanical requirements because the entrance pupil position for the zooming groups can be nearly ideally located. Because the coaxial illumination is a source of unwanted surface reflections from the objective lens, the objective lens must have a minimum number of air-glass surfaces. A cemented triplet including an aspherical surface satisfies this requirement.
The optical design of a visible waveband, high performance zoom lens objective system, which utilizes aspherical surfaces and a zoom group internal stop, is described.
An all-spherical negative-positive-positive telecentric zoom lens suitable for DMD projection is described. The zoom range is 2:1 and the aperture is f/3.
Many objective lenses designed for very high volume production now typically contain aspherical surfaces. One such example is an aspherized version of the traditional Cooke triplet. While these aspherical designs are better than their antecedents, the basic design limitations, astigmatism and manufacturing sensitivities, remain. An inverse triplet having a negative, positive, negative configuration and aspherical surfaces has no all-spherical counterparts, but instead depends on the aspheres to correct the primary aberrations. If a sufficient number of surfaces are aspherical, there are more degrees of freedom than required for aberration correction, so the lens can be optimized to reduce the manufacturing sensitivities by reducing the amount of aberration correction contribution by an individual element.
Because of their obscured entrance pupils, variable focal length catadioptric object lenses have characteristics unlike their refractive counterparts. Zoom relay lenses are used to reimage an intermediate image formed by the objective without any reduction of entrance pupil diameter, but the relative aperture varies directly with focal length. Nonetheless the aberrations are correctable, and advantages of the combined field lens and focussing lens together with the liberal space constraints allow insertion of beam splitters, mirrors, temperature compensating lenses, and spectral range correctors. By adding different lenses on either or both conjugates of the relay lens, the zoom relay is used with a family of aspherized Maksutov objectives ranging in aperture form 100 to 300 millimeters.
Electronic systems are rapidly replacing photographic systems for most imaging applications, and in a short period of time the actual size of the sensor has been decreasing. For consumer applications the half-inch CCD is replaced by the one-third inch CCD, and the quarter-inch CCD now has been introduced. Assuming no loss of pixels, lens designs for the newer formats could be derived by simply scaling down the existing larger format designs, changing the thickness slightly to accommodate the necessary minimum edges and spaces. But by recognizing that a minimum edge of 1 mm is 25% of the 4 mm image diagonal for a quarter- inch CCD, it becomes evident that even if conventional spherical glass lens technology is employed a new type of lens design is needed. Because the lens element volumes are so small, however, consideration of molded lenses, either glass or plastic, would appear worthwhile. More particularly for consumer and commercial applications most lenses 'zoom' because there are no surplus pixels, foregoing the possibility of electronic 'zooming' to effect a change of angular resolution of the object. The following describes the development of vari-focal and zoom lenses for small image formats that can be fabricated entirely by molding processes.
Global optimization is examined from the viewpoint of lens design for commercial production optics and is found to be unsatisfactory in its present state because of the need of the lens designer to remain involved in rather than divorced from the work. A genetic algorithm based on the use of nearly zero power operators that perform structural changes to a Gaussian optics system design is proposed. The algorithm selects operators that improve system performance or fitness using procedures of mating and random crossover and breeds succeeding generations of new operators that, when applied to the starting Gaussian optics system and then optimized, yield an improved lens design. The algorithm is efficient, robust, and allows lens designers to relate to designs in terms of aberration correcting means.
Relaxation of various restrictions has led to new zoom lens types which include multiple zooming groups and advanced concepts for focusing. New designs can now rival fixed focal length lenses for most applications, and with the use of aspherics can be low cost. Gaussian optics and primary aberrations are used to obtain good starting design types.
By examining aspherical surface aberration contributions it is shown that aspheres can be used to simplify zoom lens construction and to improve image quality by allowing the designer to selectively correct aberrations at different zoom positions. 1.
11 August 2015 | San Diego, California, United States
Zoom Lenses IV
12 August 2012 | San Diego, California, United States
Zoom Lenses III
31 July 2001 | San Diego, CA, United States
Zoom Lenses II
28 July 1997 | San Diego, CA, United States
Course Instructor
SC381: Introduction to Zoom Lens Design
This course provides attendees with a basic understanding of how various types of zoom lenses function, and particularly the limitations of their optical designs. The emphasis of the course is an understanding of how: the magnification is changed; the image position is stabilized; aberrations result; aberrations are corrected. Existing designs are examined to illustrate the concepts involved. This course shows you how optical design programs work with zoom lenses.
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