Laser scanning measurement systems are capable of accurately obtaining three-dimensional surface information of objects, with wide measurement range, high precision, and fast measurement speed, which are widely used in biomedical fields such as dental mold fabrication and surgical navigation. The laser triangulation systems are one of the most commonly used laser scanning systems. In laser triangulation systems, the processing speed of laser stripe images is crucial for determining the system's measurement efficiency. This paper focuses on real-time processing methods for laser stripe images in laser triangulation systems, developing a fast and accurate processing method based on the Zynq MPSoC platform. Gaussian filtering was first applied to the laser stripe images, followed by the calculation of eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the Hessian matrix. Subsequently, the rapid and accurate calculation of the laser stripe center position was completed. Experiments verified the accuracy and speed of the FPGA-based image processing algorithm proposed in this paper. Results showed that the accuracy of the FPGA-based algorithm is consistent with that of the traditional OpenCV-based algorithm, with measurement time reduced to 1/18 of that on the software platform. This significantly improves the speed of laser stripe center extraction without compromising image processing accuracy. The FPGA-based laser stripe center extraction algorithm developed in this study is valuable for enhancing the measurement speed of laser triangulation systems and offers significant insights for high-precision, fast image processing technologies in related fields.
Bumps are important structures used to connect chiplets to the interposer or package substrate in advanced chip packaging. Bump-height inconsistency will lead to problems in chip interconnection. Thus bump height detection plays a significant role in chip package quality inspection. The optical triangulation measurement system is preferably used to measure bump height in industry due to its high accuracy and high efficiency which meets the need of on-line inspection. In the system, the speed of image processing is one of the key factors which influence the measurement efficiency. Traditional means of bump height measurement often sacrifice speed to achieve high-precision measurement which leads to low efficiency. In this paper, a fast optical stripe feature extraction method is proposed which combines the gray centroid method with the Steger method in laser strip image processing in the optical triangulation system. This method can effectively reduces the number of iterations in image processing so as to accelerate the measurement speed. Firstly, the method uses the grey centroid method to calculate the center point coordinates of the light strip. Secondly, the coordinates derived are used as the initial point selection range for Steger method. Finally, the center points of the laser strip are obtained using the Steer method. The experimental results show that the proposed method reduces the time to extract the centroid of light strip from 5256ms to 3184ms under the same hardware conditions without compromising the accuracy compared to the conventional Steger method. To demonstrate the effectiveness in practical application, the centroid for 10 stripes was measured using the proposed method. Experimental results show that the proposed method significantly reduces the extraction time for centroid coordinates by about 40% without notable accuracy degradation.
The microscopic fringe projection profilometry system using a digital micromirror device (DMD) can improve the height sensing sensitivity by reducing the fringe pitch. However, due to the discrete nature of the DMD, it is impossible to apply arbitrary and continuous phase shifts when the fringe pitch is reduced to a few pixels. The proposed method uses a plane-parallel plate to produce a displacement on the light passing through it and achieves continuous phase shifts by controlling the oblique angle of the plate. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method can introduce continuous phase shifts to quasi-sinusoidal fringes with a minimum pitch of 2 pixels and correctly demodulate the phase map using a 9-step phase-shifting algorithm. Simulation and experiments also show that the inherent phase shift error can be neglected when the relevant parameters of the plate are properly selected.
The grating projection phase measurement method can obtain 3D surface profile of an object with a grating projection device and two cameras, which is widely used in reverse engineering, industrial detection, cultural relic digitization and human body measurement due to its simple measuring principle, convenient operation, fast and high-precision data acquisition of 3D point clouds. As one of its calibration processes, binocular vision calibration plays a key role in getting high-precision measurement results, and the accuracy of extracting feature points on the calibration target directly affects the binocular calibration accuracy. In this paper, a sub-pixel corner extraction method based on Shi-Tomasi algorithm was proposed to extract corner points of checkerboard. An experiment is done to compare the extraction effect of the proposed algorithm with the traditional Harris method. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can locate the position of corner points more effectively with higher extraction accuracy. The mean square value of the reprojection error is about 0.008 pixels, the rate of corner extraction is 74.6%, and the processing time is shorter, about 0.78 seconds. Therefore, the method used in this paper is reliable and feasible for the feature point extraction in 3D reconstruction of measured objects.
Catenary is an important part of electrified railway, and its geometric parameters are important parameters reflecting the safe and stable operation of locomotives. With the improvement of its speed, there are higher requirements for high-accuracy and real-time detection of geometric parameters of catenary. The existing systems have problems of long sampling interval, low real-time performance, and light-sensitive. Aiming at the actual requirement of dynamic measurement of catenary geometric parameters, a non-contact catenary geometric parameter detection system based on machine vision was developed. Firstly, a measurement model based on high-power line lasers and high-resolution area cameras was established to meet the application requirements. The measurement principle of the system was analyzed and the detailed formulas were deduced. Secondly, image difference, laser spot roundness analysis and other image processing algorithms were used to quickly and accurately detect the characteristics of laser points on the contact line with complex background. Based on the measurement model and algorithms mentioned above, the hardware and software platform of the system were built, and fast image acquisition and processing was realized by using multi-thread programming technology on high-performance industrial computer, which solved the problems of long sampling interval and low real-time performance during the measurement. Real-time image storage and display and preservation of detection results were realized in the software. Finally, a preliminary experiment was performed on the prototype, and the accuracy of the measurement results was analyzed. Experiment results showed that the system works stably and has high accuracy, which meets the practical application requirements.
The three-dimensional measuring system based on structured light has the advantages of propermeasuring range, high speed and non-contact measuring mode,and it is widely used in medical and manufacturing fields. The strip center extraction is one of the key steps in the line structured light vision measurement system. According to the line structure laser measurement model, the essence of the line structure measurement is to extract the pixel coordinates of the laser beam and substitute them into the measurement mathematical model formula to calculate the spatial coordinates of the measured points. Thus the accuracy and precision of laser strip pixel coordinate extraction directly affect the final calculation results. When the laser is projected onto the surface of the object to be measured, it is susceptible by the surface material of the object, ambient light and other factors, which may lead to speckle, uneven brightness of the light, wide range of light width variation and other problems. In this paper, an adaptive method for extracting light strips is proposed to solve the problems of speckle and wide width range of the light strips.
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