Dr. Fang Gong Profile

Dr. Fang Gong

at Second Institute of Oceanography SOA

SPIE Involvement:

Author

Publications (66)

Proceedings Article | 14 October 2019 Paper

Development and application of the HAB automatic monitoring system in the East China Sea

Qiankun Zhu, Bangyi Tao, Hui Lei, Fang Gong

Proceedings Volume 11150, 1115015 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2532286

KEYWORDS: Satellites, Remote sensing, Image processing, Ocean optics, Satellite imaging, Data acquisition, Oceanography, Earth observing sensors, Reflectivity, Optical properties

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Proceedings Article | 14 October 2019 Paper

Threshold stability of different algorithms for green tide detection base on geostationary ocean color imager

Xiaoguang Huang, Difeng Wang, Fang Gong, Xianqiang He, Yan Bai, Zhihong Wang, Qiankun Zhu

Proceedings Volume 11150, 1115018 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2532542

KEYWORDS: Earth observing sensors, Landsat, Satellites, Detection and tracking algorithms, Satellite imaging, Imaging systems

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Proceedings Article | 14 October 2019 Paper

An unsupervised feature learning method to distinguish Sargassum

Feng Ye, Zengzhou Hao, Yanlong Chen, Fang Gong, Haiqing Huang, Difeng Wang

Proceedings Volume 11150, 1115012 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2532576

KEYWORDS: Satellites, Remote sensing, Neural networks, Environmental monitoring, Feature extraction

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Proceedings Article | 14 October 2019 Presentation + Paper

Variation of summertime sea surface salinity of the Arctic Ocean during 2011-2017

Zike Wang, Yan Bai, Shujie Yu, Bangyi Tao, Qiankun Zhu, Fang Gong

Proceedings Volume 11150, 111500L (2019) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2532985

KEYWORDS: Satellites, Spatial resolution

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Proceedings Article | 12 December 2018 Paper

Monte Carlo simulation of radiative transfer in polarized spherically coupled ocean-atmosphere system

Wencai Cai, Qiankun Zhu, Xianqiang He, Difeng Wang, Fang Gong

Proceedings Volume 10850, 108500T (2018) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2505625

KEYWORDS: Monte Carlo methods, Radiative transfer, Reflection, Scattering

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Proceedings Article | 12 December 2018 Paper

Remote sensing inversion of total suspended matter concentration in Oujiang River based on Landsat-8/OLI

Xuebing Wang, Difeng Wang, Fang Gong, Xianqiang He

Proceedings Volume 10850, 108500X (2018) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2505668

KEYWORDS: Remote sensing, Reflectivity, Atmospheric corrections, Water, Data modeling, Earth observing sensors, Landsat, Satellites, In situ remote sensing, Atmospheric sensing

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Proceedings Article | 12 December 2018 Paper

Spectral characteristics of Sargassum horneri in seawater

Xiaoguang Huang, Difeng Wang, Menglin Bao, Fang Gong, Yan Bai

Proceedings Volume 10850, 108500Y (2018) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2505672

KEYWORDS: Remote sensing, Reflectivity, Satellites, Ocean optics, Earth observing sensors, Buildings, Landsat, Satellite imaging, MODIS, Spectroscopy

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In recent years, blooms of Sargassum horneri have occurred frequently in the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea. Optical satellite remote sensing is an important means to monitor Sargassum horneri, the method being based mainly on exploiting the significant spectral differences between the water mixed with Sargassum horneri and the background seawater. Thus, it is necessary to study the spectral characteristics of Sargassum horneri in seawater with a view to improving measurement accuracy. To date, both laboratory-based experiments concerning the spectral characteristics of Sargassum horneri as well as satellite-based remote sensing monitoring have been performed, but these studies have focused mainly on large areas of Sargassum horneri, and there has been limited recognition of the differences in the spectral characteristics for situations where the Sargassum horneri outbreak is early, and where the Sargassum horneri and the background seawater have just mixed. In this study, experiments have been designed to carefully examine the spectral characteristics of Sargassum horneri in seawater.

The main findings are: (1) In general, the spectral distribution for the two forms of Sargassum (the strip form and the uniformly distributed form) are similar. (2) The peak wavelengths for the two forms of Sargassum horneri in seawater are different. The peak maximum for the strip form is at 825 nm while that for the uniformly distributed form is at 725 nm. Thus, spectral measurements may be used to distinguish between the two forms. (3) The concentration of suspended matter in the background seawater may influence the spectral characteristics of Sargassum horneri in seawater. These findings have great significance for remote sensing of the mixed state of Sargassum horneri in seawater, namely, the possibility for differentiation of the uniformly distributed form and strip distribution form. Also, the results have important implications for remote sensing of Sargassum horneri in seawater where the concentrations of suspended matter are variable.

Proceedings Article | 11 October 2018 Presentation

Measurement of ocean optical properties profiles using airborne lidar (Conference Presentation)

Hang Liu, Peng Chen, Zhihua Mao, Yan He, Difeng Wang, Qiankun Zhu, Fang Gong

Proceedings Volume 10784, 107840H (2018) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2325481

KEYWORDS: LIDAR, In situ metrology, Ocean optics, Signal attenuation, Absorption, Mass attenuation coefficient, Polarization, Optical testing, Pulsed laser operation, Airborne laser technology

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Proceedings Article | 10 October 2018 Paper

Validation of a green-red quasi-analytical algorithm for inherent optical properties in East China Sea

Liangliang Shi, Zhihua Mao, Zheng Wang, Yiwei Zhang, Zengzhou Hao, Qiankun Zhu, Difeng Wang, Fang Gong, Haiqing Huang

Proceedings Volume 10784, 1078414 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2325484

KEYWORDS: Algorithm development, Absorption, Remote sensing, Reflectivity, Optical properties, Calibration, Satellites, In situ remote sensing, Optical filters, Absorbance

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Proceedings Article | 13 October 2017 Paper

The re-analysis for satellite retrieved chlorophyll-a in East China Sea

Zengzhou Hao, Delu Pan, Fang Gong, Xianqiang He, Difeng Wang

Proceedings Volume 10422, 1042213 (2017) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2278005

KEYWORDS: Satellites, Ocean optics, Oceanography, Remote sensing

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Proceedings Article | 13 October 2017 Paper

Satellite observation of the recent changes of chlorophyll in the South China Sea and Bay of Bengal

Shujie Yu, Xiaoyan Chen, Yan Bai, Teng Li, Tianyu Wang, Fang Gong, Qiankun Zhu

Proceedings Volume 10422, 104221G (2017) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2278330

KEYWORDS: MODIS, Satellites, Spatial resolution, Climatology, Earth observing sensors, Water, Ocean optics, Sensors, Oceanography, Climate change

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The Bay of Bengal (BOB) is a semi-enclosed marginal sea in the northeastern part of the Indian Ocean. The South China Sea (SCS) is almost an enclosed marginal sea and is part of the northwestern Pacific Ocean. Both of them are tropical marginal seas, and have similar hydrological properties, such as high surface temperature, stable thermocline, deep euphotic zone, etc. Moreover, they are all greatly affected by East Asian monsoon and typhoons. However, there are also several significant differences between them. The current circulation structures in the South China Sea are more complex with significant season variations. A large amount of fresh water through river inputs is one of the remarkable hydrological characteristics in the Bay of Bengal. In addition, the Bay of Bengal has a large volume of precipitation. Therefore, it is naturally interesting to investigate the different response of the marine ecological properties represented by chlorophyll concentration to climate change. The Sea-Viewing Wide Field-of-View Sensor (SeaWiFS) and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) mission have provided a successive, long-term observations of global ocean color from space. In this study, we investigate the Chl-a trends in the BOB and SCS during the SeaWiFS and MODIS observation periods (1998-2010 and 2003-2016), respectively. In 1998-2010, Chl-a increased in the western central basin of BOB, while it decreased in almost all other parts. During 2003-2016, Chl-a significantly increased in the western part of BOB, and reduced in the southern part. In the SCS, Chl-a in almost the whole region increased during the SeaWiFS observation period. In 2003-2016, the major rising trends appeared in China and Vietnam coast, the Beibu Gulf, and the Gulf of Thailand. The Chl-a of the Straits of Malacca and the Karimata Straits showed downward trends. The rise in temperature might be the main cause of the Chl-a decrease in the BOB. The deepened MLD and/or decreasing SST may contribute to the increasing Chl-a of the BOB and SCS. Remarkably, coastal Chl-a has continued to rise over the past 19 years. The freshwater input might have significant effect on it.

Proceedings Article | 13 October 2017 Paper

Intersatellite comparisons and evaluations of three ocean color products along the Zhejiang coast, eastern China

Qiyuan Cui, Difeng Wang, Fang Gong, Delu Pan, Zengzhou Hao, Tianyu Wang, Qiankun Zhu

Proceedings Volume 10422, 104221K (2017) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2278041

KEYWORDS: MODIS, Satellites, Sensors, Atmospheric corrections, Remote sensing, Satellite imaging, Algorithm development, Earth observing sensors, Absorption, Ocean optics

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With its broad spatial coverage and fine temporal resolution, ocean color remote sensing data represents an effective tool for monitoring large areas of ocean, and has the potential to provide crucial information in coastal waters where routine monitoring is either lacking or unsatisfactory. The semi-analytical or empirical algorithms that work well in Case 1 waters encounter many problems in offshore areas where the water is often optically complex and presents difficulties for atmospheric correction. Zhejiang is one of the most developed provinces in eastern China, and its adjacent seas have been greatly affected by recent rapid economic development. Various islands and semi-closed bays along the Zhejiang coast promote the formation of muddy tidal flats. Moreover, large quantities of terrestrial substances coming down with the Yangtze River and other local rivers also have a great impact on the coastal waters of the province. MODIS, VIIRS and GOCI are three commonly used ocean color sensors covering the East China Sea. Several ocean color products such as remote-sensing reflectance (R_rs) and the concentrations of chlorophyll a (Chl-a) and total suspended matter (TSM) of the above three sensors on the Zhejiang coast have been evaluated. Cloud-free satellite images with synchronous field measurements taken between 2012 and 2015 were used for comparison. It is shown that there is a good correlation between the MODIS and GOCI spectral data, while some outliers were found in the VIIRS images. The low signal-to-noise ratio at short wavelengths in highly turbid waters also reduced the correlation between different sensors. In addition, it was possible to obtain more valid data with GOCI in shallow waters because of the use of an appropriate atmospheric correction algorithm. The standard Chl-a and TSM products of the three satellites were also evaluated, and it was found that the Chl-a and TSM concentrations calculated by the OC3G and Case 2 algorithms, respectively, were more suitable for use in the study area. Moreover, GOCI has been proved to be effective for monitoring the diurnal dynamics in coastal waters, and the concentration of TSM had a good negative correlation with water level. Overall, compared with MODIS and VIIRS, GOCI is more effective for monitoring the fine changes and diurnal dynamics in the seas adjacent to Zhejiang Province.

Proceedings Article | 13 October 2017 Paper

Satellite remote sensing of the aquatic pCO2 in the basin of the South China Sea

Hangyu Lu, Yan Bai, Xiaoyan Chen, Fang Gong, Qiankun Zhu, Difeng Wang

Proceedings Volume 10422, 1042218 (2017) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2278057

KEYWORDS: Carbon dioxide, Satellites, Thermodynamics, Remote sensing, Algorithm development, Temperature metrology, Data modeling, In situ metrology, MODIS, Analytical research

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The South China Sea (SCS) is one of the largest marginal seas in the world, and the air-sea CO₂ flux in the SCS may contribute significantly to the global air-sea CO₂ flux. In the past decade, many researches on the aquatic pCO₂ and air-sea CO₂ flux mainly in the north SCS were carried out based on the underway measurement of the pCO₂, and the results revealed that the SCS is a source of the CO₂ as a whole in the annual scale. However, the air-sea CO₂ flux is high spatial variability in the SCS, for example, the north shelf of the SCS is a CO₂ sink while the basin is a source. To monitor the spatial and temporal variations of the air-sea CO₂ flux in the SCS, few satellite remote sensing algorithms have been developed to estimate the aquatic pCO₂ in the north SCS. However, these algorithms are all the empirical models which depend on the training dataset from the in situ measurement. In this study, we apply the semi-analytical algorithm MeSAA to retrieve the aquatic pCO₂ in the SCS basin. The MeSAA algorithm was proposed by the Bai et al. (2016) and was evidenced to be widely applicable to the different marginal seas including the East China Sea and Bering Sea. Based on the underway measured aquatic pCO₂ and water temperature, we found that the variation of the pCO₂ in the SCS basin is mainly controlled by the temperature. In addition, the increase of the atmosphere pCO₂ can also contribute the systematical increase of the aquatic pCO₂. Therefore, we established a semi-analytical algorithm for the aquatic pCO₂ retrieval in the SCS basin, which considers the thermodynamic effect and air-sea CO₂ fluxes. The results showed that the thermodynamic effect in the SCS basin was consistent with the theoretical result with the aquatic pCO₂ increasing 4.23% for the 1°C rising of the water temperature. Moreover, the satellite-retrieved aquatic pCO₂ match well with the in situ pCO₂. Based on the established algorithm, the monthly time-series of the aquatic pCO₂ in the SCS basins from 2003 to 2016 were generated from the MODIS datasets from both the Aqua and Terra satellite, and the long-term trends of the aquatic pCO₂ in the different parts of the SCS basin were analyzed.

Proceedings Article | 13 October 2017 Paper

Longtime variation of phytoplankton in the South China Sea from the perspective of carbon fixation

Teng Li, Yan Bai, Xiaoyan Chen, Qiankun Zhu, Fang Gong, Difeng Wang

Proceedings Volume 10422, 1042216 (2017) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2278038

KEYWORDS: Ocean optics, Climate change, Satellites, Remote sensing, Carbon, Water, Atmospheric particles, Carbon sequestration, Oceanography, Ecosystems

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Proceedings Article | 5 October 2017 Paper

Impact factors on expansion of built-up areas in Zhejiang Province, China

Dong Liu, Qiankun Zhu, Yan Li, Fang Gong

Proceedings Volume 10428, 104281K (2017) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2278060

KEYWORDS: Remote sensing, Geographic information systems, Information technology, Associative arrays, Environmental monitoring

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Proceedings Article | 5 October 2017 Paper

Mapping impervious surfaces in the Xiangjiang River basin based on remote sensing spectral indices: a case study in Chang-Zhu-Tan region

Xiaoping Zhang, Ying Lyu, Huaguo Zhang, Fang Gong, Yongxin Zhang, Chaokui Li

Proceedings Volume 10428, 104281I (2017) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2277984

KEYWORDS: Remote sensing, Brain-machine interfaces, Biological research, Water, Pollution control, Image analysis, Vegetation, Analytical research, Defense and security, Meteorological satellites

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Proceedings Article | 3 October 2017 Paper

The effect of precipitation on measuring sea surface salinity from space

Xuchen Jin, Delu Pan, Xianqiang He, Difeng Wang, Qiankun Zhu, Fang Gong

Proceedings Volume 10426, 104260I (2017) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2277536

KEYWORDS: Atmospheric modeling, Mie scattering, Scattering, L band, Absorption, Radiative transfer, Reflection, Meteorology, Temperature metrology, Atmospheric propagation

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The sea surface salinity (SSS) can be measured from space by using L-band (1.4 GHz) microwave radiometers. The L-band has been chosen for its sensitivity of brightness temperature to the change of salinity. However, SSS remote sensing is still challenging due to the low sensitivity of brightness temperature to SSS variation: for the vertical polarization, the sensitivity is about 0.4 to 0.8 K/psu with different incident angles and sea surface temperature; for horizontal polarization, the sensitivity is about 0.2 to 0.6 K/psu. It means that we have to make radiometric measurements with accuracy better than 1K even for the best sensitivity of brightness temperature to SSS. Therefore, in order to retrieve SSS, the measured brightness temperature at the top of atmosphere (TOA) needs to be corrected for many sources of error. One main geophysical source of error comes from atmosphere. Currently, the atmospheric effect at L-band is usually corrected by absorption and emission model, which estimate the radiation absorbed and emitted by atmosphere. However, the radiation scattered by precipitation is neglected in absorption and emission models, which might be significant under heavy precipitation. In this paper, a vector radiative transfer model for coupled atmosphere and ocean systems with a rough surface is developed to simulate the brightness temperature at the TOA under different precipitations. The model is based on the adding-doubling method, which includes oceanic emission and reflection, atmospheric absorption and scattering. For the ocean system with a rough surface, an empirical emission model established by Gabarro and the isotropic Cox-Munk wave model considering shadowing effect are used to simulate the emission and reflection of sea surface. For the atmospheric attenuation, it is divided into two parts: For the rain layer, a Marshall-Palmer distribution is used and the scattering properties of the hydrometeors are calculated by Mie theory (the scattering hydrometeors are assumed to be spherical). For the other atmosphere layers, which are assumed to be clear sky, Liebe's millimeter wave propagation model (MPM93) is used to calculate the absorption coefficients of oxygen, water vapor, and cloud droplets. To simulate the change of brightness temperature caused by different rain rate (0-50 mm/h), we assume a 26-layer precipitation structure corresponding to NCEP FNL data. Our radiative transfer simulations showed that the brightness temperature at TOA can be influenced significantly by the heavy precipitation, the results indicate that the atmospheric attenuation of L-band at incidence angle of 42.5° should be a positive bias, and when rain rate rise up to 50 mm/h, the brightness temperature increases are close to 0.6 K and 0.8 K for horizontally and vertically polarized brightness temperature, respectively. Thus, in the case of heavy precipitation, the current absorption and emission model is not accurate enough to correct atmospheric effect, and a radiative transfer model which considers the effect of radiation scattering should be used.

SPIE Journal Paper | 5 January 2017

Assessment of satellite-based chlorophyll-a retrieval algorithms for high solar zenith angle conditions

Hao Li, Xianqiang He, Yan Bai, Xiaoyan Chen, Fang Gong, Qiankun Zhu, Zifeng Hu

JARS, Vol. 11, Issue 01, 012004, (January 2017) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.JRS.11.012004

KEYWORDS: Satellites, Algorithm development, Avalanche photodetectors, In situ remote sensing, MODIS, Remote sensing, Ocean optics, Reflectivity, Sensors, Water

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Proceedings Article | 19 October 2016 Paper

Comparison and evaluation of atmospheric correction algorithms of QUAC, DOS, and FLAASH for HICO hyperspectral imagery

Liangliang Shi, Zhihua Mao, Peng Chen, Sha'ou Han, Fang Gong, Qiankun Zhu

Proceedings Volume 9999, 999917 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2241368

KEYWORDS: Atmospheric corrections, Remote sensing, Atmospheric modeling, Data modeling, Satellites, Satellite imaging, Hyperspectral imaging, Reflectivity, Radiative transfer, Near infrared

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Proceedings Article | 19 October 2016 Paper

Monitoring thermal discharge from a nuclear plant through Landsat 8

Difeng Wang, Delu Pan, Ji-An Wei, Fang Gong, Qiankun Zhu, Peng Chen

Proceedings Volume 9999, 99991E (2016) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2242253

KEYWORDS: Earth observing sensors, Landsat, Remote sensing, Satellites, Thermography, Infrared radiation, Infrared sensors, Data modeling, Atmospheric modeling, Temperature metrology

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Proceedings Article | 19 October 2016 Paper

The vertical distribution of the beam attenuation coefficient and its correlation to the particulate organic carbon in the north South China Sea

Wansong Cui, Difeng Wang, Fang Gong, Yan Bai, Lin Zhang, Qiankun Zhu, Peng Chen

Proceedings Volume 9999, 99991A (2016) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2241515

KEYWORDS: Carbon, Water, Signal attenuation, Optical properties, Particles, Satellites, Absorption, Organic materials, Algorithm development, Lithium

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Proceedings Article | 19 October 2016 Paper

Relationship of the wind-wave from HY-2 scatterometer and radar altimeter data

Zengzhou Hao, Siqi Zhang, Fang Gong, Difeng Wang, Qiankun Zhu

Proceedings Volume 9999, 999918 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2241414

KEYWORDS: Satellites, Radar, Wind energy, Earth observing sensors, Microwave radiation, Wind measurement, Data modeling, Oceanography, Sensors, Ku band

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Proceedings Article | 19 October 2016 Paper

Satellite views of the massive algal bloom in the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman during 2008-2009

Shujie Yu, Fang Gong, Xianqiang He, Yan Bai, Qiankun Zhu, Difeng Wang, Peng Chen

Proceedings Volume 9999, 99990Z (2016) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2241290

KEYWORDS: Satellites, Remote sensing, Water, MODIS, Climatology, Oceanography, In situ metrology, Satellite imaging, Transparency, Nitrogen

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The Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman locate at the northwest of the Arabian Sea, with the total area more than 50,0000 km². The Persian Gulf is a semi-enclosed subtropical sea with high water temperature, extremely high salinity, and an average depth of 50 meters. By the Strait of Hormuz, the Persian Gulf is connected to the Gulf of Oman which is significantly affected by the monsoonal winds and by water exchange between the Arabian Sea and the Persian Gulf. Algal blooms occurred frequently in the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman, and some of them are harmful algal blooms which may lead to massive fish death and thereby serious economic loss. Due to the widely spatial coverage and temporal variation, it is difficult to monitoring the dynamic of the algal bloom based on in situ measurement. In this study, we used the remote sensing data from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) onboard the Aqua satellite to investigate a massive algal bloom event in the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman during 2008-2009. The time series of MODIS-derived chlorophyll concentration (Chl-a) indicated that the bloom event with high Chl-a concentration (~60 percent higher than corresponding climatological data) appeared to lasting more than 8 months from autumn of 2008 to spring of 2009. In addition, the bloom was widespread from the Persian Gulf to the Gulf of Oman and neighboring open ocean. The MODIS-derived net primary production (NPP) collected from MODIS showed the same trend with Chl-a. Multiple forces including upwelling, dust deposition was taken into account to elucidate the mechanisms for the long-lasting algal bloom. The time series chlorophyll concentration of the Persian Gulf emerges a significant seasonal pattern with maximum concentrations seen during the winter time and lowest during the summer. It also indicated slight disturbances occurred in June (May/July) and December (November/ January) in some years. The sea surface temperature and water transparency in the Persian Gulf increased with the rates of 0.3% (<0.01) and 3.02% (p<0.01) during 2003-2014, respectively. Chl-a and NPP declined with the rates of 1.61% (p=0.06) and 1.09% (p=0.08), respectively. However, there are no significant changes of the bloom initiation, termination and duration time among years over 2003-2014.

Proceedings Article | 19 October 2016 Paper

Assessment of satellite retrieval algorithms for chlorophyll-a concentration under high solar zenith angle

Hao Li, Xianqiang He, Yan Bai, Xiaoyan Chen, Fang Gong, Qiankun Zhu, Zifeng Hu

Proceedings Volume 9999, 99990U (2016) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2240164

KEYWORDS: Remote sensing, Algorithm development, In situ remote sensing, Satellites, Water, Reflectivity, Ocean optics, Avalanche photodetectors, MODIS, Data storage

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Proceedings Article | 16 October 2015 Paper

The thermal infrared radiance properties of dust aerosol over ocean

Zengzhou Hao, Delu Pan, Qianguang Tu, Fang Gong, Jianyu Chen

Proceedings Volume 9640, 96400M (2015) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2195348

KEYWORDS: Aerosols, Infrared radiation, Thermography, Satellites, Clouds, Atmospheric particles, Atmospheric modeling, Water, MODIS, Mid-IR

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Proceedings Article | 14 October 2015 Paper

The spatial-temporal distribution of particulate organic carbon in the Pearl River Estuary

Dong Liu, Qiankun Zhu, Jianyu Chen, Fang Gong, Ji-An Wei

Proceedings Volume 9638, 96380M (2015) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2193587

KEYWORDS: Carbon, Remote sensing, Absorption, Particles, Water, Satellites, Ecosystems, Algorithm development, Phase modulation, Atmospheric particles

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Proceedings Article | 14 October 2015 Paper

Spectral separation of wind sea and swell based on buoy observations

Yan Liu, Zengzhou Hao, Fang Gong, Tianyu Wang, Jianyu Chen

Proceedings Volume 9638, 96380V (2015) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2194696

KEYWORDS: Climatology, Wind energy, Satellites, Data centers, Data modeling, Solids, Wave propagation, Environmental sensing, Algorithm development, Oceanography

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Proceedings Article | 14 October 2015 Paper

Controlling factors analysis of aquatic pCO2 distribution in the Western Arctic Ocean in summertime

Xuelian Song, Yan Bai, Zengzhou Hao, Qiankun Zhun, Jianyu Chen, Fang Gong

Proceedings Volume 9638, 96380U (2015) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2194668

KEYWORDS: Carbon dioxide, Water, Satellites, Biological research, Thermodynamics, Factor analysis, Algorithm development, Remote sensing, Carbon, Oceanography

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Proceedings Article | 12 October 2015 Paper

Comparison of different water infrared emissivity retrieval methods with the theoretical model

Ji-An Wei, Difeng Wang, Fang Gong, Yan Bai, Xianqiang He, Jianyu Chen

Proceedings Volume 9639, 963920 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2193857

KEYWORDS: Temperature metrology, Radiometry, Infrared radiation, Detection and tracking algorithms, Algorithm development, Thermography, Thermal modeling, Algorithms, Atmospheric modeling, Sensors

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Proceedings Article | 10 August 2015 Paper

Thermal infrared radiometer calibration and experimental measurements

JiAn Wei, Difeng Wang, Fang Gong, Bai Yan, Xianqiang He

Proceedings Volume 9620, 96200V (2015) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2192935

KEYWORDS: Calibration, Radiometry, Temperature metrology, Black bodies, Infrared radiation, Thermography, Precision calibration, Infrared sensors, Sensors, Remote sensing

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Proceedings Article | 8 November 2014 Paper

Dynamic monitoring of lake based on HJ-CCD Images: a case study of Poyang Lake

Dong Liu, Haiqing Huang, Fang Gong, Qiankun Zhu, Xuefei Yang

Proceedings Volume 9260, 926039 (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2068949

KEYWORDS: Visualization, Remote sensing, Water, Satellites, Spatial resolution, Natural disasters, Floods, Satellite imaging, Atmospheric corrections, Feature extraction

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Proceedings Article | 8 October 2014 Paper

Changes of built-up areas at the beginning of the 21st century in Zhejiang Province, China

Dong Liu, Haiqing Huang, Fang Gong, Jianyu Chen, Qiankun Zhu, Yan Li

Proceedings Volume 9221, 92210K (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2060349

KEYWORDS: Remote sensing, Geographic information systems, Image sensors, Image segmentation, Associative arrays, Ecosystems, Image processing, Sensor calibration, Satellites

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Proceedings Article | 8 October 2014 Paper

Monitoring the dynamic of suspended sediment using tower-based water spectrum observing system in the Hangzhou Bay

Qian Dai, Fang Gong, Haiqing Huang, Xianqiang He, Jianyu Chen, Qiankun Zhu

Proceedings Volume 9221, 92210Q (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2061267

KEYWORDS: Water, Floods, Sun, Satellites, Data processing, Ocean optics, Remote sensing, Sensors, Earth observing sensors, Temporal resolution

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Proceedings Article | 8 October 2014 Paper

Retrieval of total suspended matter in highly turbid waters of Hangzhou Bay using polarizing spectra data

Jia Liu, Qiankun Zhu, Fang Gong, Xianqiang He, Jianyu Chen, Haiqing Huang

Proceedings Volume 9221, 92210S (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2061310

KEYWORDS: Remote sensing, Reflectivity, Algorithm development, Polarization, Satellites, Ecosystems, 3D modeling, In situ remote sensing, In situ metrology, Water

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Proceedings Article | 24 September 2013 Paper

Quality control of satellite-retrieved sea surface temperature

Qianguang Tu, Delu Pan, Zengzhou Hao, Haiqing Huang, Fang Gong, DongSheng Shi

Proceedings Volume 8871, 88710Q (2013) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2022704

KEYWORDS: Satellites, MODIS, Infrared radiation, Clouds, Contamination, Radiometry, Infrared imaging, Oceanography, Statistical analysis, Atmospheric modeling

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Proceedings Article | 19 October 2012 Paper

Remote sensing and buoy based effect analysis of typhoon on hypoxia off the Changjiang (Yangtze) Estuary

Jianyu Chen, Xiaobo Ni, Zhihua Mao, Yifan Wang, Lijin Liang, Fang Gong

Proceedings Volume 8532, 853211 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.974398

KEYWORDS: Hypoxia, Oxygen, Sensors, Remote sensing, Magnesium, Temperature metrology, MODIS, Molybdenum, Satellites, Oceanography

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Proceedings Article | 26 October 2011 Paper

The tropical cyclone intensity estimation based on MODIS data: a case study

Zengzhou Hao, Fang Gong, Qianguang Tu, Delu Pan, Difeng Wang

Proceedings Volume 8177, 81770Z (2011) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.897695

KEYWORDS: Clouds, MODIS, Satellites, Radar, Wind energy, Infrared imaging, Reflectivity, Meteorology, Eye, Temperature metrology

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Proceedings Article | 26 October 2011 Paper

A detection algorithm for Asian dust aerosol over China Seas based on MODIS observations

Zengzhou Hao, Fang Gong, Qianguang Tu, Zhihua Mao

Proceedings Volume 8177, 817714 (2011) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.898017

KEYWORDS: Reflectivity, Aerosols, Clouds, MODIS, Satellites, Detection and tracking algorithms, Ocean optics, Thermography, Atmospheric particles, Earth observing sensors

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Proceedings Article | 13 October 2011 Paper

The impact of Asian dust events on the chlorophyll a in the Yellow Sea: a preliminary analysis based on remote sensing

Qianguang Tu, Zengzhou Hao, Fang Gong, Delu Pan, Zhihua Mao, Qiankun Zhu

Proceedings Volume 8175, 81751L (2011) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.898077

KEYWORDS: Remote sensing, Ocean optics, Climatology, Aerosols, MODIS, Satellites, Temperature metrology, Oceanography, Composites, Water

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Proceedings Article | 13 October 2011 Paper

The buoy-based reversion of regional thermocline integrated with satellite observed SST in the margins off the Changjiang Estuary

Lijin Liang, Jianyu Chen, Xiaoyan Chen, Difeng Wang, Haiqing Huang, Fang Gong

Proceedings Volume 8175, 81751N (2011) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.898170

KEYWORDS: Hypoxia, Satellites, Oxygen, Data modeling, Earth observing sensors, Computer simulations, Physics, Databases, Data centers, Statistical analysis

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Hypoxia has been widely observed in estuarine area and some reports have focused on the East China Sea over the past decade. With the increasing nutrient load from Changjiang (Yangtze) River, a severe hypoxia zone was found in summer. The mechanism and maintenance of hypoxia is due to the large density stratification caused by the significant salinity difference between the fresh plume and salty water. Consumption of oxygen in bottom waters is linked to biological oxygen demand fueled by organic matter from primary production in the nutrient-rich river plume. Hypoxia occurs when this consumption exceeds replenishment by diffusion, turbulent mixing or lateral advection of oxygenated water. The margins off the Changjiang are affected the most by summer hypoxia. Physical thermohaline stratification plays an important role in the Changjiang shelf during summer. In this study, we discusses the relationship between hypoxia and the stratification according to the surface temperature reversed from satellite, in situ observed data and time series of profile data obtained from hypoxia buoy, which was especially designed for hypoxia identification. We examined the occurrence of seasonal hypoxia in the bottom waters of river-dominated ocean margins off the Changjiang River and compared the stratification procedure leading to the depletion of oxygen. A simulation for stratification was performed to calculate the seawater temperature vertical profile. By collecting the historical investigated data, we constructed a parametric structural model between surface and bottom temperature. Based on the parameterization of the layered structure of seawater temperature vertical profile, the simulation method was used to calculate the parameter distributions of stratification structure. When the real time outputs of SST and buoy-based profile were received, the parametric model figured a set of major characteristic parameters of each profile directly: sea surface temperature, mixed layer depth, thermocline depth, and temperature gradient. Hence, the approach would achieve the goal of reconstructing the regional thermocline profile directly. The thermocline reflects the ocean temperature field's important physics characteristics, and can be used in analysis of the influence on the exchange of the oxygen.

Proceedings Article | 4 November 2010 Paper

Climatology and long-time change of the sea surface temperature and chlorophyll concentration in East China Sea

Qiankun Zhu, Xianqiang He, Delu Pan, Gong Fang

Proceedings Volume 7858, 78581J (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.869400

KEYWORDS: Climatology, Satellites, Remote sensing, MODIS, Oceanography, Temperature metrology, Mouth, Environmental sensing, Algorithm development, Clouds

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Proceedings Article | 29 October 2010 Paper

On-orbit assessment of the polarization response of COCTS onboard HY-1B satellite

Xianqiang He, Pan Delu, Qiankun Zhu, Zengzhou Hao, Fang Gong

Proceedings Volume 7862, 78620W (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.869378

KEYWORDS: Polarization, Sensors, Satellites, Remote sensing, Calibration, Mirrors, Atmospheric corrections, MODIS, Scanners, Scattering

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Proceedings Article | 18 October 2010 Paper

An oil film information retrieval method overcoming the influence of sun glitter, based on AISA+ airborne hyper-spectral image

Yuanzeng Zhan, Tianming Mao, Fang Gong, Difeng Wang, Jianyu Chen

Proceedings Volume 7825, 78250M (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.864915

KEYWORDS: Sun, Reflectivity, Image filtering, Sensors, Remote sensing, Image retrieval, Water, Mathematics, Ocean optics, Image fusion

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Proceedings Article | 12 October 2010 Paper

The infrared scatter characteristics of dust aerosol and cloud droplet particle

Zengzhou Hao, Fang Gong, Difeng Wang, Jianyu Chen

Proceedings Volume 7827, 78270Z (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.864881

KEYWORDS: Atmospheric particles, Aerosols, Scattering, Infrared radiation, Clouds, Water, Mie scattering, Refractive index, Mass attenuation coefficient, Absorption

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Proceedings Article | 29 September 2009 Paper

Sea fog characteristics based on MODIS data and streamer model

Zengzhou Hao, Delu Pan, Fang Gong, Jianyu Chen

Proceedings Volume 7475, 747515 (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.829949

KEYWORDS: Clouds, Fiber optic gyroscopes, Reflectivity, MODIS, Satellites, Scattering, Particles, Atmospheric modeling, Mie scattering, Radiative transfer

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Proceedings Article | 23 September 2009 Paper

The Chinese environment satellite mission status and future plan

Delu Pan, Fang Gong, Jianyu Chen

Proceedings Volume 7474, 747424 (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.830251

KEYWORDS: Satellites, Meteorological satellites, Sensors, Ocean optics, Oceanography, Meteorology, Environmental monitoring, Earth observing sensors, Synthetic aperture radar, Microwave radiation

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Based on China white paper "China's Space Activities in 2006", the five-year plan (2006-2010) of China earth observation plan, one of them is to form 24 hours, differential-resolution environmental system for stable operation, step by step. In this paper, the status of Chinese environment satellite mission is introduced, including meteorological satellite series, ocean satellite series and disaster satellite series. The update properties of meteorological polar satellite FY-1D, FY-3A, and geostationary satellite FY-2C and FY-2D and ocean satellite of HY-1B as well as HJ constellation of disaster small satellites, which are in orbits for operation, will described in detail. The plan of satellite and their main payloads are discussed. There are three kinds of satellite missions for environmental monitoring in China before 2020, including meteorological satellites (10 satellites), ocean observation satellites (13 satellites) and disaster monitoring satellite constellation (8 satellites). For meteorological satellite series, following FY-2D, FY-2E/F/G are planed to be launched every 2 years from 2010. Following the FY-3A, the FY-3B will be launched in 2010 which are experimental phase). The FY-3C/D/E...(operational phase) are planed, total 9 satellites which will be launched every 2 years from 2013. FY-4 is proposed to have two separate series that are the optics remote sensing series and microwave remote sensing series. For rapid response to national marine environmental protection, development of marine resources, coastal zones survey, management of marine resources, polar study and research etc, China plans to launch HY-1C/D, HY-1E/F and HY-1G/H every two years from 2011, and the HY-2 A/B/C/D and HY-3A/B and CFOSAT are planed to launch. China plans to launch disaster monitoring satellite constellation consisted of two optical satellites and one SAR satellite in coming year, called the "2+1" project, and also another 4 optical satellites and 4 SAR satellites near future ("4+4"). The paper shows that China pays very attention to development of satellites for benefit environment monitoring.

Proceedings Article | 10 September 2009 Paper

Development of a new algorithm of suspended sediment concentration from satellite remote sensing data in the East China Sea

Zhihua Mao, Qiankun Zhu, Fang Gong

Proceedings Volume 7473, 74730S (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.830265

KEYWORDS: Reflectivity, Algorithm development, Satellites, Remote sensing, Optical properties, Water, Spectroscopy, Calibration, Data modeling, Oceanography

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Proceedings Article | 5 December 2008 Paper

Primary analysis of the ocean color remote sensing data of the HY-1B/COCTS

Xianqiang He, Yan Bai, Delu Pan, Qiankun Zhu, Fang Gong

Proceedings Volume 7150, 715003 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.804839

KEYWORDS: Aerosols, Atmospheric modeling, Atmospheric corrections, Remote sensing, Rayleigh scattering, Calibration, Atmospheric particles, Humidity, Algorithm development, Atmospheric optics

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Proceedings Article | 7 November 2008 Paper

The quasi-analytic remote sensing algorithm of CDOM in the China Yellow Sea and East Sea

Yan Bai, Delu Pan, Xianqiang He, Fang Gong

Proceedings Volume 7147, 714718 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.813245

KEYWORDS: Absorption, Code division multiplexing, Remote sensing, Algorithm development, Ocean optics, Global system for mobile communications, Particles, Data modeling, Spectral models, Optical components

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Proceedings Article | 13 October 2008 Paper

The influence of sea fog inhomogeneity on its microphysical characteristics retrieval

Zengzhou Hao, Delu Pan, Fang Gong, Xianqiang He

Proceedings Volume 7107, 71070J (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.799697

KEYWORDS: Fiber optic gyroscopes, Clouds, Liquids, Particles, 3D modeling, Radiative transfer, Satellites, Ocean optics, Atmospheric particles, Atmospheric modeling

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Proceedings Article | 13 October 2008 Paper

Derive the backscattering coefficients of particles from in-situ measurements

Zhihua Mao, Qiankun Zhu, Fang Gong

Proceedings Volume 7105, 71050K (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.798526

KEYWORDS: Backscatter, Particles, Absorption, Data modeling, Remote sensing, Scattering, Signal attenuation, Reflectivity, Coastal modeling, Mie scattering

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Proceedings Article | 13 October 2008 Paper

The remote sensing algorithm of spectral diffuse attenuation coefficient of ocean

Qiankun Zhu, Xianqiang He, Zhihua Mao, Fang Gong

Proceedings Volume 7105, 71050W (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.800036

KEYWORDS: Signal attenuation, Algorithm development, Remote sensing, Optical properties, Data modeling, Ocean optics, Performance modeling, Satellites, MODIS, Sensors

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Proceedings Article | 9 October 2008 Paper

Introduction to an airborne remote sensing system equipped onboard the Chinese marine surveillance plane

Fang Gong, Difeng Wang, Delu Pan, Zengzhou Hao

Proceedings Volume 7106, 71061S (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.799719

KEYWORDS: Ocean optics, Surveillance, Sensors, Sensing systems, Remote sensing, Pollution, Airborne remote sensing, Imaging systems, Digital cameras, Data processing

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Proceedings Article | 12 November 2007 Paper

A WebGIS system on the base of satellite data processing system for marine application

Gong Fang, Difeng Wang, Haiqing Huang, Jianyu Chen

Proceedings Volume 6749, 67492D (2007) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.737634

KEYWORDS: Satellites, Databases, Logic, Data processing, Remote sensing, Geographic information systems, Oceanography, Java, Control systems, Ocean optics

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Proceedings Article | 22 December 2006 Paper

In-flight experimentation and preliminary marine application of AISA+ in Chinese coastal zone

Difeng Wang, Delu Pan, Fang Gong, Zhihua Mao

Proceedings Volume 6405, 640521 (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.692653

KEYWORDS: Remote sensing, Water, Ocean optics, Surveillance, Spectral resolution, Oceanography, Data processing, Environmental monitoring, Environmental sensing, Sensors

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Proceedings Article | 8 December 2006 Paper

Detection of sea fog over China Seas from NOAA/AVHRR3

Zengzhou Hao, Delu Pan, Zhihua Mao, Fang Gong, Haiqing Huang

Proceedings Volume 6408, 64081A (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.693719

KEYWORDS: Fiber optic gyroscopes, Clouds, Satellites, Reflectivity, Visible radiation, Infrared radiation, Earth observing sensors, Water, Image segmentation, Calibration

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Proceedings Article | 28 November 2006 Paper

General exact Rayleigh scattering look-up-table for ocean color remote sensing

Xianqiang He, Delu Pan, Yan Bai, Zhihua Mao, Fang Gong

Proceedings Volume 6406, 64061D (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.692758

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Rayleigh scattering, Remote sensing, MODIS, Scattering, Radiative transfer, Atmospheric corrections, Water, Ocean optics, Scanners

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Proceedings Article | 1 November 2005 Paper

Secondary-retrieve aerosol number distribution by SeaStar/SeaWiFS

Delu Pan, Zengzhou Hao, Zhaobo Sun, Fang Gong, Yan Bai

Proceedings Volume 5979, 59791Y (2005) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.627351

KEYWORDS: Aerosols, Atmospheric particles, Ocean optics, Atmospheric optics, Monte Carlo methods, Atmospheric corrections, Satellites, Scattering, Refractive index, Light scattering

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Proceedings Article | 21 October 2005 Paper

Marine airborne multi-spectrum scanner and its potentiality for oceanic remote sensing

Fang Gong, Difeng Wang, Delu Pan, Long Yu, Yan Bai, Qiankun Zhu

Proceedings Volume 5978, 59781W (2005) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.627362

KEYWORDS: Scanners, Ocean optics, Surveillance, Remote sensing, Sensors, Visible radiation, Oceanography, Environmental monitoring, Environmental sensing, Infrared sensors

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Proceedings Article | 21 October 2005 Paper

Detection of algal bloom within situ and MODIS in lake TaiHu, China

Yang Dingtian, Pan Delu, Zhang Xiaoyu, Bai Yan, He Xianqiang, Wang Difeng, Gong Fang, Li Shujing

Proceedings Volume 5977, 59770M (2005) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.628065

KEYWORDS: MODIS, Vegetation, Water, Remote sensing, Image resolution, Reflectivity, Satellites, Oceanography, Solids, Earth observing sensors

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Proceedings Article | 20 October 2005 Paper

Evaluation on the impact of terrestrial pollutant input to the adjoining fishing ground using satallite data

Zhang Xiaoyu, Lin Yian, He Xianqiang, Wang Haiyang, Gong Fang, Liu Tao, Pan Delu

Proceedings Volume 5977, 597705 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.627382

KEYWORDS: Satellites, Water, Phosphorus, Remote sensing, Oceanography, Ocean optics, Coastal modeling, Statistical analysis, Satellite imaging, Atmospheric corrections

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Proceedings Article | 20 October 2005 Paper

Ocean primary production estimation of Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea by COCTS (HY-1)

Yan Bai, Delu Pan, Xianqiang He, Fang Gong

Proceedings Volume 5977, 597704 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.627455

KEYWORDS: Satellites, Algorithm development, Water, Biological research, Oceanography, Data modeling, Transparency, Error analysis, Ecosystems, Chemical analysis

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Proceedings Article | 19 September 2005 Paper

The atmospheric correction algorithm for HY-1A/COCTS

He Xianqiang, Bai Yan, Pan Delu, Gong Fang

Proceedings Volume 5977, 59770N (2005) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.626598

KEYWORDS: Atmospheric corrections, Reflectivity, Water, Scattering, Algorithm development, Rayleigh scattering, Sensors, Satellites, Aerosols, Remote sensing

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Proceedings Article | 12 May 2005 Paper

Effects of satellite attitude on the Rayleigh scattering calculation

Xianqiang He, Delu Pan, Zhihua Mao, Fang Gong

Proceedings Volume 5832, (2005) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.619668

KEYWORDS: Rayleigh scattering, Satellites, Sensors, Remote sensing, Atmospheric corrections, Scattering, Sun, Radiative transfer, Polarization, Meteorological satellites

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Proceedings Article | 12 May 2005 Paper

Design and construction of a satellite data processing system (SatDPS) for marine application

Difeng Wang, Fang Gong, Xianqiang He, Delu Pan, Yan Bai

Proceedings Volume 5832, (2005) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.619861

KEYWORDS: Satellites, Data processing, Remote sensing, Ocean optics, L band, Computing systems, Oceanography, Sensing systems, Software engineering, Databases

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Proceedings Article | 4 November 2004 Paper

Design and construction of a satellite data processing system for marine application

Difeng Wang, Xianqiang He, Fang Gong, Delu Pan

Proceedings Volume 5570, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.564622

KEYWORDS: Satellites, Remote sensing, Data processing, Ocean optics, Data modeling, Geographic information systems, Sensing systems, MODIS, Oceanography, Databases

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