We report on a 1550-nm matched filter based on a pair of fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) that is actively stabilized
over temperature. The filter is constructed of a cascaded pair of athermally-packaged FBGs. The tandem FBG
pair produces an aggregate 3-dB bandwidth of 3.9-GHz that is closely matched to a return-to-zero, 2.880-GHz
differential-phase-shift-keyed optical waveform.
The FBGs comprising the filter are controlled in wavelength using a custom-designed, pulse-width modulation
(PWM) heater controller. The controllers allow tuning of the FBGs over temperature to compensate and cancel
out native temperature dependence of the athermal FBG (AFBG) package. Two heaters are bonded to each
FBG device, one on each end. One heater is a static offset that biases the FBG wavelength positively. The second
heater is a PWM controller that actively moves the FBG wavelength negatively. A temperature sensor measures
the FBGs' temperature, and a feed-forward control loop adjusts the PWM signal to hold the wavelength within
a desired range.
This stabilization technique reduces the device's native temperature dependence from approximately 0.65
pm/°C to 0.06 pm/°C, improving the temperature stability by tenfold, while retaining some control for poten-
tial long-term drifts. The technique demonstrates that the FBGs can be held to ±1.5 pm (±188 MHz) of the
target wavelength over a 0 to +50°C temperature range. The temperature-stabilized FBGs are integrated into
a low-noise, optical pre-amplifier that operates over a wide temperature range for a laser communication system.
In a lasercom terminal with co-operative acquisition and tracking, it is desirable to be able to devote all of the received power to the acquisition function while the link is being established and then switch most or all of the power to the tracking and communication functions for link operation. This ability can be especially important in a backbone terminal that interoperates with a wide range of edge terminals with different capabilities, as it can eliminate the need to optimize for one edge terminal at the expense of the others. We begin by examining link budgets for hypothetical edge terminals to establish the potential benefit to the system. We then consider three different schemes for implementing a variable acquisition/communication ratio. The first uses a bifurcating mirror to passively separate the acquisition and communications receiver paths in the backbone terminal. The second uses separate wavelengths for the acquisition and communication functions. The third uses polarization with a rotatable wave pate or its equivalent and a polarization beam splitter to vary the split ratio. We find that all three schemes are viable; the bifurcating mirror scheme is completely passive, while the wavelength scheme offers all-electronic implementation, and the polarization scheme can be implemented completely at the receiver end of the link without coordination with the remote transmitter. Any of these schemes could be implemented to relax requirements one edge terminals, allowing lower cost solutions to proliferate.
We report a single-polarization, optical low-noise pre-amplfier (SP-OLNA) that enhances the receiver sensitivity of heavily-coded 1.55-μm optical communication links. At channel bit-error ratios of approximately 10%, the erbium-doped SP-OLNA provides an approximately 1.0-dB receiver sensitivity enhancement over a conventional two-polarization pre-amplfier.
The SP-OLNA includes three gain stages, each followed by narrow-band athermal fiber Bragg gratings. This cascaded fiter is matched to a return-to-zero, 2.88-Gb/s, variable burst-mode, differential phase shift keying (DPSK) waveform. The SP-OLNA enhancement of approximately 1.0 dB is demonstrated over a range of data rates, from the full 2.88-Gb/s (non-burst) data rate, down to a 1/40th burst rate (72 Mb/s).
The SP-OLNA'sfirst stage of ampli_cation is a single-polarization gain block constructed from polarization-maintaining (PM) fiber components, PM erbium gain fiber, and a PM integrated pump coupler and polarizer. This first stage sets the SP-OLNA's noise figure, measured at 3.4 dB. Two subsequent non-PM gain stages allow the SP-OLNA to provide an overall gain of 78 dB to drive a DPSK demodulator receiver. This receiver is comprised of a delay-line interferometer and balanced photo-receiver. The SP-OLNA is packaged into a compact, 5"x7"x1.6" volume, which includes an electronic digital interface to control and monitor pump lasers, optical switches, and power monitors.
Mobile free-space laser communication systems must reconcile the requirements of low size, weight, and power with the ability to both survive and operate in harsh thermal and mechanical environments. In order to minimize the aperture size and amplifier power requirements of such systems, communication links must exhibit performance near theoretical limits. Such performance requires laser transmitters and receiver filters and interferometers to maintain frequency accuracy to within a couple hundred MHz of the design frequency. We demonstrate an approach to achieving high frequency stability over wide temperature ranges by using conventional DFB lasers, tuned with TEC and current settings, referenced to an HCN molecular frequency standard. A HCN cell absorption line is scanned across the TEC set-point to adjust the DFB laser frequency. Once the center of the line is determined, the TEC set-point is offset as required to obtain frequency agility. To obtain large frequency offsets from an HCN absorption line, as well as continuous laser source operation, a second laser is offset from the reference laser and the resulting beat tone is detected in a photoreceiver and set to the desired offset using a digital frequency-locked loop. Using this arrangement we have demonstrated frequency accuracy and stability of better than 8 MHz RMS over an operational temperature range of 0ºC to 50º C, with operation within minutes following 8 hour soaks at -40º C and 70º C.
We present an overview of an air-to-ground laser communications demonstration performed at MIT Lincoln
Laboratory. Error-free communication at 2.5 Gb/s was demonstrated along a 25-km slant path between a 1-in
transmit aperture on an aircraft at 12 kft altitude and ground terminal with 4 separate 1-cm receivers. Power
fluctuations from turbulence-induced scintillation are mitigated in the spatial domain by use of the multiple
ground receivers and in the time domain by the use of forward error correction and interleaving. The optical
terminals are monitored by multiple high-rate sensors which allow us to quantify total system performance.
We present a design methodology for free-space laser communications systems. The first phase includes a
characterization through numerical simulations of the channel to evaluate the range of extinction and scintillation. The
second phase is the selection of fade mitigation schemes, which would incorporate pointing, acquisition, tracking, and
communication system parameters specifically tailored to the channel. Ideally, the process would include sufficient
flexibility to adapt to a wide range of channel conditions. We provide an example of the successful application of this
design approach to a recent set of field experiments.
This work was sponsored by the Department of Defense, RRCO DDR&E, under Air Force Contract FA8721-05-C-0002.
Opinions, interpretations, conclusions and recommendations are those of the authors and are not necessarily endorsed by
the United States Government.
MIT Lincoln Laboratory designed and built two free-space laser communications terminals, and successfully
demonstrated error-free communication between two ground sites separated by 5.4 km in September, 2008. The primary
goal of this work was to emulate a low elevation angle air-to-ground link capable of supporting standard OTU1 (2.667
Gb/s) data formatting with standard client interfaces. Mitigation of turbulence-induced scintillation effects was
accomplished through the use of multiple small-aperture receivers and novel encoding and interleaver hardware. Data
from both the field and laboratory experiments were used to assess link performance as a function of system parameters
such as transmitted power, degree of spatial diversity, and interleaver span, with and without forward error correction.
This work was sponsored by the Department of Defense, RRCO DDR&E, under Air Force Contract FA8721-05-C-0002.
Opinions, interpretations, conclusions and recommendations are those of the authors and are not necessarily endorsed by
the United States Government.
This paper describes a lasercom terminal using spatial diversity to mitigate fading caused by atmospheric scintillation.
Multiple receive apertures are separated sufficiently to capture statistically independent samples of the incoming beam.
The received optical signals are tracked individually, photo-detected, and summed electrically, with measured diversity
gain. The terminal consists of COTS components. It was used in successful demonstrations over a 5.4km ground-ground
link from June through September 2008, during which it experienced a wide temperature range. Design overview and
hardware realization are presented.
This work was sponsored by the Department of Defense, RRCO DDR&E, under Air Force Contract FA8721-05-C-0002.
Opinions, interpretations, conclusions and recommendations are those of the authors and are not necessarily endorsed by
the United States Government.
As part of a free-space optical communications experiment over a 5km horizontal path, an extensive database of
tilt-stabilized receiver data was collected for Cn2
n conditions ranging from benign to very strong. This paper focuses
on the scintillation measurements made during those tests. Ensemble probability distributions are compiled from
these results, and are subsequently compared with standard channel models such as the log-normal and gammagamma
distributions. Statistical representations of temporal behavior are also developed from this database.
Accurate statistical models of atmospheric channel effects have proved to be invaluable in the development of
high-performance free-space transceivers.
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