In an effort to secure the northern and southern United States borders, MITRE has been tasked
with developing Modeling and Simulation (M&S) tools that accurately capture the mapping between
algorithm-level Measures of Performance (MOP) and system-level Measures of Effectiveness
(MOE) for current/future surveillance systems deployed by the the Customs and Border Protection
Office of Technology Innovations and Acquisitions (OTIA). This analysis is part of a larger
M&S undertaking. The focus is on two MOPs for magnetometer-based Unattended Ground Sensors
(UGS). UGS are placed near roads to detect passing vehicles and estimate properties of the vehicle’s
trajectory such as bearing and speed. The first MOP considered is the probability of detection. We
derive probabilities of detection for a network of sensors over an arbitrary number of observation
periods and explore how the probability of detection changes when multiple sensors are employed.
The performance of UGS is also evaluated based on the level of variance in the estimation of trajectory
parameters. We derive the Cramer-Rao bounds for the variances of the estimated parameters
in two cases: when no a priori information is known and when the parameters are assumed to be
Gaussian with known variances. Sample results show that UGS perform significantly better in the
latter case.
The MITRE Corporation recently hosted the first Netted Sensors Community Workshop in McLean, Virginia, on 24
October - 26 October 2005. The Workshop was sponsored by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
(DARPA), Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD) Director of Defense Research and Engineering (DDR&E), and the
National Science Foundation (NSF). The goal was to establish and sustain an annual Netted Sensors workshop that
brings together Government, Industry and Academia to accelerate the development and transition of appropriate Netted
Sensor technologies to solve real world problems. The workshop provided a forum focused on the application of netted
sensing research and development (R&D) activities to solve existing and future Department of Defense (DoD),
Intelligence Community (IC), Department of Homeland Security (DHS), and Environmental sensing problems. The
Netted Sensors workshop brought together the Science and Technology (S&T) community, Industry, and Government /
Military organizations to (1) share, discuss and disseminate new R&D results, (2) highlight new commercial products
and technologies, and (3) identify and discuss nationally important sensing problems suitable for Netted Sensing
solutions. This paper provides a summary of the presentations that were made at the workshop as well as
recommendations for future workshops.
The MITRE Corporation has embarked on a three-year internally-funded research program in netted sensors with applications to border monitoring, situational awareness in support of combat identification, and urban warfare. The first-year effort emphasized a border monitoring application for dismounted personnel and vehicle surveillance. This paper will focus primarily on the Tier 1 acoustic-based vehicle classification component. We discuss the development and implementation of a robust linear-weighted classifier on a Mica2 Crossbow mote using feature extraction algorithms specifically developed by MITRE for mote-based processing applications. These include a block floating point Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) algorithm and an 8-band proportional bandwidth filter bank. Results of in-field testing are compared and contrasted with theoretically-derived performance bounds.
The MITRE Corporation has initiated a three-year internally-funded
research program in netted sensors, the first-year effort focusing
on vehicle detection for border monitoring. An important component
is developing an understanding of the complex acoustic structure of
vehicle noise to aid in netted sensor-based detection and
classification. This presentation will discuss the design of a
high-fidelity vehicle acoustic simulator to model the generation and
transmission of acoustic energy from a moving vehicle to a
collection of sensor nodes. Realistic spatially-dependent automobile
sounds are generated from models of the engine cylinder firing
rates, muffler and manifold resonances, and speed-dependent tire
whine noise. Tire noise is the dominant noise source for vehicle
speeds in excess of 30 miles per hour (MPH). As a result, we have
developed detailed models that successfully predict the tire noise
spectrum as a function of speed, road surface wave-number spectrum,
tire geometry, and tire tread pattern. We have also included
realistic descriptions of the spatial directivity patterns for the
engine harmonics, muffler, and tire whine noise components. The
acoustic waveforms are propagated to each sensor node using a simple
phase-dispersive multi-path model. A brief description of the
models and their corresponding outputs is provided.
Acoustic vehicle classification is a difficult problem due to the non-stationary nature of the signals, and especially the lack of strong harmonic structure for most civilian vehicles with highly muffled exhausts. Acoustic signatures will also vary largely depending on speed, acceleration, gear position, and even the aspect angle of the sensor. The problem becomes more complicated when the deployed acoustic sensors have less than ideal characteristics, in terms of both the frequency response of the transducers, and hardware capabilities which determine the resolution and dynamic range. In a hierarchical network topology, less capable Tier 1 sensors can be tasked with reasonably sophisticated signal processing and classification algorithms, reducing energy-expensive communications with the upper layers. However, at Tier 2, more sophisticated classification algorithms exceeding the Tier 1 sensor/processor capabilities can be deployed. The focus of this paper is the investigation of a Gaussian mixture model (GMM) based classification approach for these upper nodes. The use of GMMs is motivated by their ability to model arbitrary distributions, which is very relevant in the case of motor vehicles with varying operation modes and engines. Tier 1 sensors acquire the acoustic signal and transmit computed feature vectors up to Tier 2 processors for maximum-likelihood classification using GMMs. In a binary classification task of light-vs-heavy vehicles, the GMM based approach achieves 7% equal error rate, providing an approximate error reduction of 49% over Tier 1 only approaches.
KEYWORDS: Data modeling, Autoregressive models, Brain, Signal detection, Electroencephalography, Statistical analysis, Wavelets, Signal processing, Continuous wavelet transforms, Algorithm development
A wavelet-based technique WISP is used to discriminate normal brain activity from brain activity during epileptic seizures. The WISP technique is used to exploit the noted difference in frequency content during the normal brain state and the seizure brain state so that detection and localization decisions can be made. An AR-Pole statistic technique is used as a comparative measure to base-line the WISP performance.
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