Continuous monitoring of electromagnetic radiation of natural origin in VLF range (3-30 kHz) allowed us to collect a long-term data base of thunderstorm activity in Kamchatka peninsula. The collected data base also includes lightning cells determined by «dirty thunderstorms» generated during volcanic explosive eruptions. The earlier analysis showed that two-stage scenario of development is typical for all «dirty thunderstorms». The first stage is accompanied by eruptive column formation and depends on eruption power and ash cloud height. The second stage, depending on eruption power and on eruptive cloud interaction during its propagation with meteorological clouds, is associated with eruptive cloud formation and propagation. The paper shows the mechanism of gas formation in eruptive clouds. It explains the sequence of two stages.
For registration of electric field strength of the atmosphere (EZ EPA) on the peninsula of Kamchatka in points Kluchi (KLYG) and Kozyrevsk (KZYG) electrostatic flux meters of land basing operate. Thanks to wind stratification the eruptivny clouds from strong explosive volcanic eruptions on 16.12.2016 and 14.06.2017 have passed Shiveluch over these points, and we found a call on the records EZ EPA. Considerable signal amplitude >1.0 kV/m allowed to select surely it against the background of noises caused by the variations of meteorological values. During forming of an eruptivny cloud from eruption of 14.06.2017 within 13 minutes the flow of electromagnetic impulses from discharges ("a volcanic lightning") was registered. The studying by remote methods of electrostatic electricity in the eruptive clouds is the perspective direction for obtaining information on development the eruptive clouds and processes of their electrization.
In the region of the Northern group of volcanoes in Kamchatka peninsula, a distributed network is being planned to monitor the VLF range electromagnetic radiation and to locate the lightning strokes. It will allow the researchers to register weaker electromagnetic pulses from lightning strokes in comparison to the World Wide Lightning Location Network. The hardware-software complex of the network under construction is presented. The capabilities of the available and the developing hardware and software to investigate natural phenomena associated with lightning activity are described.
According to the observations of VLF radiation in Kamchatka for the period from 1997 to 2017, radiation envelope periodograms at the frequencies of 0.7, 1.2, 5.3 kHz were obtained. The period of 1440 min was determined. It is caused by the Earth rotation around its axis relatively the Sun. Another period of 1436 min was also distinguished. It coincides with the Earth diurnal rotation relatively remote stars. The cause of the maxima occurrences at these periods may be the X-radiation of the Sun and the Galaxy. It was shown that VLF radiation intensity in the period range from 0.1 to 1000 days increases proportionally to the period logarithm and that the main and higher harmonics of diurnal frequency are observed in the radiation envelope spectra.
Main seasonal and diurnal variations registered from lightning radiation were obtained on the basis of the data from the World Wide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN) and the data of the Earth natural pulse electromagnetic field (ENPEMF) registered on Buryatiya territory. Possible relation of the radiation recorded on Buryatia territory with local and world lightning sources is shown.
Topical problems of monitoring and analysis of lightning activity are considered. The paper also presents monthly distributions of lightning discharges over the globe. The instrumentation applied in VLF signal registration is described. An algorithm of search for possible areas of lightning activity affecting whistler occurrence in a defined region is suggested. The algorithm compares each detected whistler with the data of the World Wide Lightning Location Network. It also may be used to analyze different time intervals of the world lightning activity from the moment of whistler formation.
Radiation anomalies in acoustic emission and in electromagnetic field were registered in Kamchatka one day before earthquakes with the magnitude of MLH>5. Such anomalies were not observed on other days when there were no seismic events. An example of record of acoustic and electromagnetic radiations is given for September 1, 2013 when such anomalies occurred. The cause of the anomalies is likely to be the intensification of deformation processes during earthquake preparation
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