Christian Eickhoff, Peter Murer, Thomas Geßner, Jan Birnstock, Michael Kröger, Zungsun Choi, Soichi Watanabe, Falk May, Christian Lennartz, Ilona Stengel, Ingo Münster, Klaus Kahle, Gerhard Wagenblast, Hannah Mangold
KEYWORDS: Organic light emitting diodes, Electron transport, Excitons, External quantum efficiency, Polymethylmethacrylate, Luminescence, Fluorescence resonance energy transfer, Diodes, Energy efficiency, Energy transfer
In this paper, two OLED device concepts are introduced. First, classical phosphorescent green carbene emitters with unsurpassed lifetime, combined with low voltage and high efficiency are presented and the associated optimized OLED stacks are explained. Second, a path towards highly efficient, long-lived deep blue systems is shown. The high efficiencies can be reached by having the charge-recombination on the phosphorescent carbene emitter while at the same time short emissive lifetimes are realized by fast energy transfer to the fluorescent emitter, which eventually allows for higher OLED stability in the deep blue.
Device architectures, materials and performance data are presented showing that carbene type emitters have the potential to outperform established phosphorescent green emitters both in terms of lifetime and efficiency. The specific class of green emitters under investigation shows distinctly larger electron affinities (2.1 to 2.5 eV) and ionization potentials (5.6 to 5.8 eV) as compared to the "standard" emitter Ir(ppy)3 (5.0/1.6 eV). This difference in energy levels requires an adopted OLED design, in particular with respect to emitter hosts and blocking layers. Consequently, in the diode setup presented here, the emitter species is electron transporting or electron trapping.
For said green carbene emitters, the typical peak wavelength is 525 nm yielding CIE color coordinates of (x = 0.33, y = 0.62). Device data of green OLEDs are shown with EQEs of 26 %. Driving voltage at 1000 cd/m2 is below 3 V. In an optimized stack, a device lifetime of LT95 > 15,000 h (1000 cd/m2) has been reached, thus fulfilling AMOLED display requirements.
PCTrz, a new bipolar host material containing a phenoxy-carbazole separated from a biscarbazolyl-triazine by a non-conjugated
ether bond is presented. Computational calculations demonstrated the separation of PCTrz into an oxidation
and a reduction site. A phosphorescent OLED with PCTrz as host and FIrpic as blue emitter yielded high current
efficiencies of up to 16.2 cd/A. Additionally two electron transporting host materials DBFTaz and DBFTazC, both
containing 1,2,4-triazole moieies, were synthesized and characterized. The triazole moiety in DBFTaz was formed by a
classical ring closure reaction between a N-benzoylbenzimidate and a hydrazine. For DBFTazC we used another
synthetical pathway which involves subsequent coupling of a carbazole and a triazole moiety to a dibenzofuran core.
Both triazoles posses high triplet energies of 2.95 eV for DBFTaz and 2.97 eV for DBFTazC, which make the
compounds interesting as matrix materials for blue phosphorescent OLEDs.
Cyclometallated iridium N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-complexes have become known as efficient deep blue triplet
emitters in OLEDs. With these emitters suitable CIE color coordinates of CIE x ~ 0.15 and CIE y = 0.1...0.2 can easily
be reached. To keep the expensive and tedious synthetic and laboratory screening effort for new emitters and
complementary materials as efficient as possible a good computational pre-screening method based on quantum
chemical theory is used. In this paper, data will be presented which show a good correlation between calculated and
measured values of for example triplet energy, ionization potential and electron affinity. Only by having good control of
these parameters it is possible to design efficient and long lasting devices. Based on this, we will show our progress in
the deep-blue color region by optimizing the device setup and by employing a new, much more stable complementary
material set.
KEYWORDS: Near field scanning optical microscopy, Luminescence, Optical fibers, Raman spectroscopy, Near field, Nanoparticles, Atomic force microscopy, Diffusion, Particles, Silicon
The reflection-back-to-the-fiber SNOM under shear-force control with sharp and cold uncoated tips provides reliable submicroscopic resolution on rough surfaces without topographic artifacts. The high lateral resolution is the result of a sudden increase in reflectivity when the tip goes close to the surface at about 50% vibration damping. This technique has been tested for samples of piratical importance in the field of organic colorants and for Raman spectroscopy.
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