In this contribution we describe an experimental study measuring local CD uniformity (LCDU) of DRAM contact arrays on both an EUV reticle and corresponding exposed wafer. Direct measurement of LCDU from reticle SEM images is compared to the reticle component of wafer level LCDU determined by decomposition of wafer level only data. The goal of this study is to better understand the contribution of reticle LCDU to wafer LCDU and the degree of accuracy to which the reticle component can be determined without reticle metrology. In addition to comparing the two methods of determining mask LCDU we use the measured mask contours as input to ASML Tachyon lithography simulation software and compare the simulated and experimental wafer CDs, CD distributions, and local MEEF. This gives some insight on the proportion of the mask variability coming from the variation of absorber edge placement. Three different DRAM contact array pitches are examined 36, 38 and 40nm. Each array contains a registration mark to allow each individual contact to be reliably identified. Reticle SEM images are collected for 20 locations for each pitch and the three highest and three lowest LCDU locations are selected. These six selected reticle locations (per pitch) are measured by SEM in resist at 117 die across a CDU wafer (i.e. a wafer where all die have the same focus and exposure dose). Each wafer location is measured twice. With this dataset the reticle and wafer LCDU, CD and placement can all be measured and correlated, and the reticle, metrology and stochastic components of the wafer LCDU can be determined. Metrology is performed using ASML Brion’s MXP to extract contours from both the reticle and wafer SEM images.
Since the beginning of lithography using a reticle, defects have been one of the key factors in determining reticle quality and wafer yields. With the rapid adoption to EUV Lithography and the high cost of existing EUV mask defect review systems there is an industry need for an alternative defect review and dispositioning system. To meet this need Micron Mask Technology Center, the supplier of state-of-the-art mask technology, has partnered with EUV Tech, the world’s leading supplier of EUV Metrology equipment, to develop a standalone Zoneplate-based EUV wavelength microscope.
EUV Tech has introduced and delivered the AIRES (Actinic Image REview System), an at-wavelength EUV Mask Defect Review Tool for EUV photomasks. The tool features EUV Tech’s patented zone plate imaging system equipped with the EUV Tech’s automated mask transfer system to the process chamber.
AIRES is based on the successful Zoneplate EUV Microscope at Lawrence Berkeley Lab called SHARP which has been used to support semiconductor development for over a decade. AIRES is the first commercial standalone EUV projection imaging zoneplate microscope supporting photomask defect review and dispositioning to support EUV high volume manufacturing. In this paper, we introduce the tool and its performance with defect cases and pattern imaging application on EUV production reticles.
The blank mask defect review process involves detailed analysis of defects observed across a substrate’s multiple preparation stages, such as cleaning and resist-coating. The detailed knowledge of these defects plays an important role in the eventual yield obtained by using the blank. Defect knowledge predominantly comprises of details such as the number of defects observed, and their accurate sizes. Mask usability assessment at the start of the preparation process, is crudely based on number of defects. Similarly, defect size gives an idea of eventual wafer defect printability. Furthermore, monitoring defect characteristics, specifically size and shape, aids in obtaining process related information such as cleaning or coating process efficiencies.
Blank mask defect review process is largely manual in nature. However, the large number of defects, observed for latest technology nodes with reducing half-pitch sizes; and the associated amount of information, together make the process increasingly inefficient in terms of review time, accuracy and consistency. The usage of additional tools such as CDSEM may be required to further aid the review process resulting in increasing costs.
Calibre® MDPAutoClassify™ provides an automated software alternative, in the form of a powerful analysis tool for fast, accurate, consistent and automatic classification of blank defects. Elaborate post-processing algorithms are applied on defect images generated by inspection machines, to extract and report significant defect information such as defect size, affecting defect printability and mask usability. The algorithm’s capabilities are challenged by the variety and complexity of defects encountered, in terms of defect nature, size, shape and composition; and the optical phenomena occurring around the defect [1].
This paper mainly focuses on the results from the evaluation of Calibre® MDPAutoClassify™ product. The main objective of this evaluation is to assess the capability of accurately estimating the size of the defect from the inspection images automatically. The sensitivity to weak defect signals, filtering out noise to identify the defect signals and locating the defect in the images are key success factors. The performance of the tool is assessed on programmable defect masks and production masks from HVM production flow. Implementation of Calibre® MDPAutoClassify™ is projected to improve the accuracy of defect size as compared to what is reported by inspection machine, which is very critical for production, and the classification of defects will aid in arriving at appropriate dispositions like SEM review, repair and scrap.
EUV lithography has been delayed due to well-known issues such as source power, debris, pellicle, etc. for high volume
manufacturing. For this reason, conventional optical lithography has been developed to cover more generations with
various kinds of Resolution Enhancement Techniques (RETs) and new process technology like Multiple Patterning
Technology (MPT). Presently, industry lithographers have been adopting two similar techniques of the computational
OPC scheme such as Inverse Lithography Technology (ILT) and Source Mask Optimization (SMO) [1]. Sub-20 nm node
masks including these technologies are very difficult to fabricate due to many small features which are near the limits of
mask patterning process. Therefore, these masks require the unseen level of difficulty for inspection. In other words,
from the viewpoint of mask inspection, it is very challenging to maintain maximum sensitivities on main features and
minimum detection rates on the Sub-Resolution Assist Features (SRAFs). This paper describes the proper technique as
the alternative solution to overcome these critical issues with Aerial Imaging (AI) inspection and High Resolution (HR)
imaging inspection.
As Moore’s Law continues its relentless march toward ever smaller geometries on wafer, lithographers who
had been relying on the implementation of a solution using EUV lithography are faced with increasing
challenges to meet requirements for printing sub-2x nm half-pitch (HP). The available choices rely on 193 nm DUV immersion lithography, but with decreasing k1 values and thus shrinking process windows. To overcome these limitations, two techniques such as inverse lithography technology (ILT) and source mask optimization (SMO) were introduced by computational OPC scheme.
From a mask inspection viewpoint, the impact of both ILT and SMO is similar – both result in photomasks that have a large quantity of sub-resolution assist features (SRAFs). These SRAFs are challenging for mask-makers
to pattern with high fidelity and accuracy across a full-field mask, and thus mask inspection is challenged to maintain a high sensitivity level on primary mask features while not suffering from a high nuisance detection rate on the SRAF features. To solve this particular issue, new inspection approach was developed by using computational image calibration based wafer scanner simulation. This paper will be described the new
capabilities, which analyzes the aerial image to differentiate between printing and non-printing features, and
applying the appropriate sensitivity threshold. All analysis will be shown comparing results with and without the
new capabilities, with an emphasis on inspectability improvements and nuisance defect reduction to improve
mask cycle time.
Advanced 193nm DUV optical inspection tools that can cover 2Xnm HP node become more important and they are being tested to estimate their extendibility. We report DUV based inspection results evaluated and compared to wafer prints, as well as mask CD-SEM images in order to determine the size of printable defects that must be detected in each device node. Applied Materials® advanced Aera™ optical mask inspection tool that adapted a new optical technology enhancement was utilized to evaluate its inspection capability. The illumination conditions and pixel size were optimized to increase inspection sensitivity and reach detection requirements for not only critical defects that print on the wafer but also non-printing defects that indicate to a mask issue. Simulation was used to study suitable optical illumination conditions analyzing results to achieve the best performance for high-end EUV mask inspection toward next generation lithography.
Reflected light inspection has been used to inspect EUVL mask which consists of multi layers and metal absorber.
However, sub-wavelength half pitch patterns and reflected inspection make unprecedented phenomenon like tone
inversion. These lead EUV inspection more difficult in detectability and inspectability for separating out defects and
false.
In this study, we report the evaluation result of inspection dependency of illumination conditions like OAI(Off-Axis
Illumination), sigma and polarization for sub-20nm EUVL PDM(programmed defect mask). With inspection of sub-
20nm device mask, we finally address the inspection feasibility for sub-20nm device and the future direction of
inspection technology.
Lifetime of EUVL masks which are intentionally contaminated with carbon is investigated by comparing Si and Ru
capping layer. Carbon deposition is observed not only on the multilayer, but also on the absorber sidewall of the mask.
Deposited carbon on the sidewall during EUV exposure gradually varies mask CD and also induces the changes in the
wafer printability and dose in the scanner. In addition, we compare the effects of carbon contamination between Si and
Ru capped blank. Ru capped blank shows longer mask mean time between cleaning (MTBC) than Si capped blank by 25% in our experiments.
Hyper numerical aperture (NA) implemented in immersion exposure system makes the semiconductor business enable to enter sub-45nm node optical lithography. Optical proximity correction(OPC) utilizing SRAF has been an essential technique to control critical dimension (CD) and to enhance across pitch performance in sub-wavelength lithography.
Mask lithography, however, is getting more challenging with respect to patterning and processing sub-resolution assist features (SRAFs): the higher aspect ratio of mask structure, the more vulnerable. Mask manufacturing environment for DRAM and Flash becomes harsher mainly due to mask patterning problem especially pattern linearity, which causes pattern broken, inspection issue, and finally CD issue on wafer. When a pattern in relatively isolated pitches has small or large assist features, the assist features may bring unexpected CD or print on wafer. A frequency-preserving assist bar solution is the most preferred one, but it is difficult to realize for opaque assist features due to printability.
In this paper, we propose a new type assist feature dubbed "Phase-shifted Assist Bar" to improve process window and to solve the resolution constraint of mask at sub-45nm manufacturing process node. The concept of phase-shift assist bar is applying phase-shift to SRAF realized with trench structure on general mask, such as Binary and Attenuated Phase-Shifted Mask (Att.PSM). The characteristics of phase-shift assist bar are evaluated with rigorous 3D lithography simulation and analyzed through verification mask, which is containing hugely various size and placement of main and assist feature. The analysis of verification mask has been done with aerial image verification tool. This work focuses on the performance of phase-shift assist bar as a promising OPC technique for "immersion era" in terms of resolution enhancement technique, optical proximity correction, and patterning on mask.
As a promising technology for sub-65nm node optical lithography, CLM(Chrome-Less Mask) technology among RETs(Resolution Enhancement Techniques) for low k1 has been researched worldwide in recent years. CLM has several advantages, such as relatively simple manufacturing process and competitive performance compared to phase-edge PSM's. For the low-k1 lithography, we have researched CLM technique as a good solution especially for sub-65nm node.
As a step for developing the sub-65nm node optical lithography, we have applied CLM technology in 80nm-node lithography with mesa and trench method. From the analysis of the CLM technology in the 80nm lithography, we found that there is the optimal shutter size for best performance in the technique, the increment of wafer ADI CD varied with pattern's pitch, and a limitation in patterning various shapes and size by OPC dead-zone - OPC dead-zone in CLM technique is the specific region of shutter size that dose not make the wafer CD increased more than a specific size. And also small patterns are easily broken, while fabricating the CLM mask in mesa method. Generally, trench method has better optical performance than mesa. These issues have so far restricted the application of CLM technology to a small field.
We approached these issues with 3-D topographic simulation tool and found that the issues could be overcome by applying phase grating in trench-type CLM. With the simulation data, we made some test masks which had many kinds of patterns with many different conditions and analyzed their performance through AIMS fab 193 and exposure on wafer.
Finally, we have developed the CLM technology which is free of OPC dead-zone and pattern broken in fabrication process. Therefore, we can apply the CLM technique into sub-65nm node optical lithography including logic devices.
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