Free Electron Laser (FELs) as well as storage-ring-based photon sources have seen an enormous improvement over the past decade regarding stability, brilliance and availability of coherence. To give today`s photon science a benefit from these unique source properties the availability of optical elements of utmost quality is essential. However, their supply is very limited because due to the lack of sufficient manufacturing capacity at companies as well as at laboratories world-wide. Only a few companies are technological skilled to supply mirror or grating substrates of sub-nm quality regarding figure- and finish-error on a sufficient length of aperture. Even more critical is the situation for diffractive optical elements such as gratings or reflection zone plates. Especially gratings of blazed groove-profile are provided by very few manufacturers only with extremely long delivery time and high risk of failure during manufacturing. In this presentation we will report on the current state of quality achieved for different type of X-ray-optical elements like mirrors of different size and geometry as well as gratings, of laminar or blazed groove profile. Further consideration will be given to new developments on the production of blazed gratings like new ruling machines to provide gratings of significant larger aperture size as well as the option to obtain blazed gratings by means of e-beam lithography. In addition we report on the methods to verify their quality by means of ex-situ and at-wave-length metrology during manufacturing and for final acceptance test at facility side.
X-ray fluorescence techniques in special operation modes can provide valuable quantitative insights for semiconductor related applications and can be made compatible to typical sizes of homogeneously structured metrology pads. As their dimensions are usually in the order of several 10 μm per direction, it must be ensured that no adjacent regions are irradiated or that no x-ray fluorescence radiation from adjacent areas reaches the detector. As this can be realized by using small excitation beams, a multitude of information can be retrieved from such XRF data. In addition to elemental composition, including sensitivity to sub-surface features, one can derive quantitative amounts of material and even dimensional properties of the nanostructures under study. Here, we show three different approaches for studies related to semiconductor applications that are capable to be performed on real world dies with commonly sized metrology pads.
The characterization of nanostructures and nanostructured surfaces with high sensitivity in the sub-nm range has gained enormously in importance for the development of the next generation of integrated electronic circuits. A reliable and non-destructive characterization of the material composition and dimensional parameters of nanostructures, including their uncertainties, is strongly required. Here, an optical technique based on grazing incidence X-ray fluorescence measurements is proposed. The reconstruction of a lamellar nanoscale grating made of Si3N4 is presented as an example. This technique uses the X-ray standing wave field, which arises due to interference between the incident and the reflected radiation, as nanoscale gauge. This enables the spatial distribution of the specific elements to be reconstructed using a finite-element method for the calculation of the standing wave field inside the material. For this, the optical constants for the constituent materials of the structure are needed. We derived them from soft X-ray reflectivity measurements on an unstructured part of the wafer sample. To counteract the expensive computation of the finite-element-Maxwell-solver, a Bayesian optimizer is exploited to obtain a most efficient sampling of the searched parameter space. The method is also used to determine the uncertainties of the reconstructed parameters. The homogeneity of the sample was also analyzed by evaluating several measurement spots across the grating area. For the validation of the reconstruction results, the grating line shape was measured by means of Atomic Force Microscopy.
Slope-measuring deflectometry allows the non-contact measurement of curved surfaces such as ultra-precise elliptical cylindrical mirrors used for the focusing of synchrotron light. This paper will report on the measurement of synchrotron mirrors designed to guide and focus synchrotron light in the variable polarization beamline P04 at the PETRA III synchrotron at DESY (Hamburg). These mirrors were optimized by deterministic finishing technology based on topography data provided by slope-measuring deflectometry. We will show the results of the mirror inspection and discuss the expected beamline performance by ray-tracing results.
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