In this paper, detailed analyses of the conversion efficiency in high-speed clock recovery based on Mach-Zehnder (MZ) modulator has been carried out. The theoretical results show the conversion efficiency changes with RF driving power and the mixing order. For high order clock recovery, the cascaded MZ modulator provides higher conversion efficiency. A study of clock recovery at 160 Gb/s using the cascaded MZ modulator has been carried out. The experimental results agree with the results of the analysis.
In this work, we demonstrate clock recovery from a patterned 160Gb/s optical-time-division-multiplexed (OTDM) return-to-zero (RZ) data stream. A cascaded LiNbO3 Mach-Zehnder modulator is employed as an efficient optical-electrical mixer. A phase-locked-loop (PLL) is used to lock the cross-correlation component between the optical signal and a local oscillating signal. As a result, clock signal at 10GHz is extracted from the 160Gb/s optical TDM signal. The measured root-mean-square (RMS) timing jitter of the 10GHz clock signal is ~ 130fs.
All optical XOR, AND, and, OR functionality has been demonstrated experimentally using semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) based devices at 40 Gb/s, 80 Gb/s. The performance of the optical logic operations has been analyzed by solving the rate equation of the SOA numerically. The high-speed operation is limited by the gain and phase recovery times in the SOA. In order to solve these limitations, a differential scheme for XOR operation has been experimentally investigated. This scheme is potentially capable of XOR operation to > 100 Gb/s.
In this paper, we demonstrate clock recovery from a patterned 160Gb/s optical-time-division-multiplexed (OTDM) return-to-zero (RZ) data stream. A cascaded LiNbO3 Mach-Zehnder modulator is employed as an efficient optical-electrical mixer. A phase-locked-loop (PLL) is used to lock the cross-correlation component between the optical signal and a local oscillating signal. As a result, clock signal at 10GHz is extracted from the 160Gb/s optical TDM signal. The measured root-mean-square (RMS) timing jitter of the 10GHz clock signal is ~ 130fs.
All-optical OR operation has been demonstrated using a semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) and delayed interferometer (DI) at 20 Gb/s and 40 Gb/s. The DI is based on a polarization maintaining loop mirror. Q-factor of the operation is discussed through the numerical simulations. The results show the OR gate operation rate is limited by the carrier lifetime and the input pulse energy.
In this paper, we demonstrate a technique for suppressing the intensity noise of the erbium doped fiber lasers. We show that by introducing negative feedback into the system through the use of a self-biased intracavity loss modulator, the relaxation oscillation noise of the fiber laser could be suppressed by as much as 20 dB. To explain the observed noise reduction phenomenon, a simple theory based on teh linearized rate equation has been developed and also been supported by experimental measurements. We also derive a formula for estimating the maximum achievalbe intesity noise suppression ratio.
All optical XOR functionality has been demonstrated experimentally using an integrated SOA-based Mach-Zehnder interferometer (SOA-MZI) at 20 and 40 Gb/s. The performance of the XOR results has been analyzed by solving the rate equation of the SOA numerically. The high-speed operation is limited by the carrier lifetime in the SOA. In order to solve the limitations imposed by carrier lifetime, a differential scheme for XOR operation has been experimentally investigated. This scheme is potentially capable of XOR operation to > 100 Gb/s.
We demonstrate simultaneous stabilized operation of a mode locked ring fiber laser at two wavelengths. At one of the wavelengths the mode locked operation is at 10 GHz and it is at 40 GHz at the second wavelength. The laser has an intracavity LiNbO3 modulator driven at 10 GHz. The 40 GHz pulses are obtained by rational harmonic mode locking. Pulses with widths in 5 to 8 ps range are obtained.
We present two methods for timing jitter measurement. The first method uses the spectral content of the noise, and, the second method uses autocorrelation and cross correlation of the pulsed output. For a distributed feedback (DFB) laser gain switched at 1 GHz, the timing jitter is about 3-4 ps. When an external CW laser injected into the DFB laser, the timing jitter can be reduced to 1-1.5 ps.
We present a scheme for recovering a 10-GHz clock from a 40- and 80-Gb/s time-division-multiplexed (TDM) return-to-zero (RZ) data stream. The proposed clock recovery is successfully demonstrated using an electrical phase-locked loop (PLL). The jitter of the recovered clock is estimated to be around 50 fs. The key part in the proposed clock recovery circuit is a LiNbO3 Mach-Zehnder modulator, which is shown to be highly effective in optical to electrical down conversion.
In this paper, we present a scheme for recovering 10 GHz clock from 40 Gb/s and 80 Gb/s time division multiplexed (TDM) return to zero (RZ) data stream. The proposed clock recovery is successfully demonstrated using an electrical phase locked loop (PLL). The jitter of the recovered clock is estimated to be around 50 fs. The key part in the proposed clock recovery circuit is a LiNbO3 Mach-Zehnder modulator which is shown to be highly effective in optical to electrical down conversion.
An number of parameters, such as gain, modulation response, linewidth enhancement factor and relative intensity noise in modulation-doped InGaAsP quantum well (QW) laser emitting at 1.55 μm have been theoretically investigated. The results indicate that the relaxation oscillation frequency for p-type modulation doped QW laser is enhanced by a factor of more than 2 compared to that for undoped MQW lasers. The linewidth enhancement factor of p-type modulation doped QW laser is reduced to ½ of that of undoped MQW laser and the relative intensity noise (RIN) is reduced by a factor of > 10 dB compared to that for undoped MQW lasers.
Pulses with approximately 200 fs pulse width were generated by using a two stage pulse compression mechanism of gain- switched DFB laser pulses which were originally approximately 10 ps long. The pulse compression mechanism utilizes fiber nonlinearities and it involves propagation through specific lengths of various types of fiber and a nonlinear loop mirror. Simulation of the whole compression scheme by solving the nonlinear Schrodinger equation using the split step method shows good agreement with the experiment results.
All optical XOR functionality has been demonstrated experimentally using an integrated SOA-based Mach-Zehnder interferometer (SOA-MZI) at 20 Gb/s. The performance of the XOR results has been analyzed by solving the rate equation of the SOA numerically. The high-speed operation is limited by the carrier lifetime in the SOA. In order to solve the limitations imposed by carrier lifetime, a differential scheme for XOR operation has been experimentally investigated. This scheme is potentially capable of XOR operation to > 100 Gb/s.
In this work we have demonstrated that a single pulse generator, which cascaded two LiNbO3 modulators serially, may be used to demultiplex or drop a 10 Gb/s channel from a 40 Gb/s transmission system. The parts in the experiment are all commercially available, and this technique is scalable to higher speed transmission system.
The master equation of the actively mode-locked fiber laser is theoretically derived from the time domain for both of the harmonic and rational harmonic AM mode-locked cases when the RF modulating signal is not exactly tuned to the cavity length. It is shown that the existence of the introcavity dispersion will affect the pulse train properties as a function of the normalized detuning. The properties of the pulse train that depend on detuning are the carrier wavelength, the pulse width, the relative phase lag and the frequency chirp.
Wavelength tunable pulses with ~ 200 fs pulse width were generated by using a two stage pulse compression mechanism of gain-switched DFB laser pulses which were originally ~ 10 ps long. The pulse compression mechanism utilizes fiber nonlinearities and it involves propagation through specific lengths of various types of fiber and a nonlinear loop mirror. Simulation of the entire compression scheme by solving the nonlinear Schrodinger equation shows good agreement with the experiment results.
We have experimentally demonstrated that the stability of CW and mode-locked erbium doped fiber ring laser can be significantly improved with a semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) inside the cavity. The fast saturable gain of the SOA suppresses significantly the self-pulsing due to ion pairs in the erbium-doped fiber, which acts as a saturable absorber. A linear stabilization analysis of the laser system agrees with out experiment results.
We present a theory and experiment of the pulse train generated by a rational harmonic mode locked ring fiber laser. The pulse width is calculated as a function of the rational harmonic order and the optical transfer function of the modulator. The theoretical work is based on a time domain analysis, which predicts that the pulse width decreases when the rational harmonic order goes up. The pulse width as a function of the modulation amplitude and bias level of the modulator was measured, the experimental results agree with the theory.
Subsystems based on LiNbO3 are attractive because the modulators are now commercially available, can operate up to very high speeds, and can operate over a wide wavelength range. We describe the principle of operation and performance of high repetition rate pulsed sources based on LiNbO3 modulators. We have generated transform limited pulses at 20 GHz repetition rate with a pulsewidth of 8 ps and at 40 GHz repetition rate with a pulsewidth of 6.5 ps using two modulators in series. These modulators were driven by sinusoidal signals at 10 GHz. The analysis shows generation of shorter pulses at higher repetition rate is feasible with higher bandwidth modulators.
In this paper, we present a calculation of the linewidth enhancement factor for the electro absorption modulator. A model of the quantum confined stark effect (QCSE) is described. The absorption coefficient at different field is calculated. Through the well known Kramers-Kronig relationship, the induced refractive index change has been determined. The calculated linewidth enhancement factor ((alpha) -factor) varies with the applied electric field. This variation is in the 0.1 to 0.3 range.
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