KEYWORDS: Particle swarm optimization, Signal generators, Error analysis, Analog to digital converters, Analog electronics, Signal processing, Particles, Digital electronics, Data communications, Computer hardware
Digital sine wave generators are widely used to provide high-precision analog sine wave signals in integrated devices for detection, communication, and control systems. In the working process of digital sine wave generator, various errors of circuit components, such as DAC, amplifier, and others are difficult to avoid, due to manufacturing defects and working environment, which will lead to corresponding distortions of the actual output signals and performance degradations of the systems. To overcome the error impacts of DAC and other circuit components on the output sine signals of digital sine wave generators, a novel error analysis method is proposed and compared with the traditional methods. A model is built to simulate the offset error, gain error, and nonlinear error of DAC, which will used to generate sine wave signals with different settable errors. The error curves of sine wave signals are extracted with average algorithm from the output signals with noise. A particle swarm optimization algorithm for a sine function is used to fit the error curves and compared with the traditional least squares fitting method for the polynomial error expression. The results demonstrate that the RMSE value of the proposed error fitting method is 23.4478, and the computational time of the algorithm is 0.37 seconds. These metrics are both lower than those of the polynomial error fitting method predicated on the traditional least squares approach. The findings validate the superior performance of the proposed method in the context of error fitting for digital sine signal generators.
KEYWORDS: Image segmentation, Image processing algorithms and systems, Detection and tracking algorithms, Reflection, Education and training, Semantics, Deep learning, Reconstruction algorithms, Metals, Algorithm development
Machine vision is often used to measure metal parts in three dimensions. However, accurately recognizing laser stripes that illuminate the surface of the part can be challenging due to the curvature and special materials of the metal parts that produce reflections, interference spots, strong ambient light, and other effects. Precisely segmenting the target area in the presence of these challenges is a crucial requirement. To address this problem, an improved U-Net semantic segmentation algorithm has been proposed in this paper for accurately segmenting laser stripes. The algorithm has been tested on laser images of shafts and blade parts, and the experimental results demonstrate that it can obtain more complete, smoother, and denser image segmentation results than traditional methods even in instances of highly reflective surfaces, significant interfering spots, and strong ambient light. These results verify the feasibility of the proposed method.
KEYWORDS: Distortion, Fiber Bragg gratings, 3D metrology, Image processing, Signal processing, Edge detection, Detection and tracking algorithms, 3D image processing, Reflection, Data acquisition
In order to achieve the measurement of three-dimensional (3D) surface topography of microdevices, this study uses high-sensitivity fiber Bragg grating (FBG) as the sensitive element of the contact measurement probe system and studies the device surface microtopography scanning measurement system based on FBG probe, which is used for the measurement and characterization of micrometer-sized microdevices, with high measurement resolution and low cost. In this study, a low-priced micro-displacement output strategy combining macro- and micro-motion was adopted, and an improved image horizontal distortion correction algorithm was proposed to correct the horizontal distortion of the image. Through the performance experiments of the measurement system, a micro-displacement measurement sensitivity of 12.21 mV/nm and a measurement resolution of 0.46 nm are obtained. The measurement results of bar structure step standard specimens show that the system can distinguish the step height of 200 nm by contact scanning measurement, solve the problem of horizontal distortion in the global distribution of the image, and realize the 3D measurement and characterization of micron-scale surface topography.
Pressure sensors play an important role for the monitoring of gas and liquid conditions in the field of municipal water supply, oil and gas transportation, process industrial production, and many other. Calibration is an essential process before and during the use of sensors to ensure their measurement accuracy. Although the static calibration of pressure sensor is very mature, the technology for dynamic calibration is still underdeveloped. In this paper, a liquid sinusoidal pressure generator based on a symmetrical piezoelectric vibrator is developed for the dynamic calibration of pressure sensor. The structural design and working principle of the generator are explained. Piezoelectric actuation causes a high-frequency simple harmonic vibration of the metal diaphragm, which squeeze the sealed liquid medium to generate dynamic sinusoidal pressure. Finite element models are built to investigate the vibration of symmetrical piezoelectric vibrator and the acoustic structure coupling between the solid vibrator and liquid medium. Two natural vibration modes have intense vibrations of the metal diaphragm, which might be useful for the generation of dynamic pressure. The acoustic-structure coupling analyses show that sinusoidal pressure with high amplitude is generated in the two natural vibration modes with large shifts of the initial resonant frequencies. A prototype sinusoidal pressure generator is manufactured and tested. The experimental results indicate that the generator could provide sinusoidal pressure in the range from 1500 Hz to 6500 Hz. Three peaks of sinusoidal signals with good amplitude and low distortion occur at the frequencies of 2.57 kHz, 3.67 kHz, and 5.97 kHz, respectively.
We demonstrate the broadband low-noise Kerr-Raman frequency comb source in an ultrahigh Q microrod resonator, and investigate the mechanisms leading to mode-locked frequency combs. By engineering the interaction between modulation instability and Raman gain, we achieve a wideband Kerr-Raman comb ranging from ~1480 nm to 1700 nm via Raman-assisted four-wave mixing (FWM). Moreover, we can attain a low-noise mode-locked state through laser detuning control, which experiences three distinct stages required for stabilized comb generation. This platform provides potential for applications in ultrafast ranging systems, stimulated Raman scattering microscopy, and high-precision spectroscopy based on integrated microcombs.
Resonant-type smooth impact drive mechanism (RSIDM) uses the resonant vibrations of piezoelectric transducer to synthesize approximate saw-tooth wave vibration with high frequency and amplitude, which extends the driving state of piezoelectric impact motor (PIM) from quasi-static state to resonant state with great increase of power driving capability. The key and difficulty for the design of RSIDMs is to seek out two available natural vibration modes and match their resonant frequencies with desired ratio. Although the material and structural parameters can be theoretically and numerically analyzed to obtain the exact ratio of resonant frequencies, there might be a significant gap in the actual situation due to material differences and manufacturing tolerances. A flexible method for the adjustment of frequency ratio is still a critical matter that requires to be solved. This paper proposes a symmetrical structure of Langevin transducer for the RSIDM with a simple frequency match method. The first and second longitudinal vibration modes in the free condition are used to synthesize the resonant saw-tooth wave vibrations in the ends of the transducer. The resonant frequency ratio of the two vibration modes is naturally close to the desired ratio of 1:2. By replacing the materials at the nodes of the two vibration modes, equivalent stiffnesses and masses of two vibration modes are changed in the opposite direction, which lead to a considerable adjusting range of the resonant frequency ratio around 1:2. With finite element simulation, the results of frequency adjustment process is carried out and the effectiveness of frequency match method is validated.
Guest editors Haojie Xia, Liandong Yu, and Lianxiang Yang introduce the Special Section on Advances in Optical Measurement for Geometrical and Mechanical Quantities.
Uneven illumination, vignetting, and stray light lead to the undesirable decrease of response uniformity of high-throughput fluorescence imaging systems, which brings difficulties to subsequent image processing and data analysis. Here, we propose a flat-field correction method using array targets specially designed for fluorescence microscopy. Based on several dedicated correction sources and the response model, the proposed algorithm performs step-by-step correction to eliminate nonuniformities caused by stray light, high-frequency inhomogeneity, and low-frequency response inhomogeneity. For verification, the correction method is applied to a high-throughput microscopic imaging system with several time-delay-integration detectors. Experimental results show that the proposed flat-field correction method is effective and practical.
We investigate an approach to measuring harmful gases by enhanced Fano resonance generated in a universal multimode waveguide-microcavity model. Dynamic Fano resonance is theoretically described and experimentally proved to be associated with the phase shift between two waveguide modes as well as their amplitude ratio and coupling coefficient. The spectra can be engineered to form a Lorentz dip, various Fano lineshape, and Lorentz peak by controlling the coupling point in both microbottle and surface nanoscale axial photonics platforms. In principle, the model can be applied to any class of whispering gallery mode microcavity device. With sharp asymmetric lineshape, our model can improve the sensitivity by 51.5 times in theory when measuring the harmful gas refractive index change, which may open up opportunities for advancements in the harmful gas leakage detection applications.
Due to the components of DD motor exist errors in the process of machining and assembly, which will generate error motions in rotary axis when the DD motor starts running. To solve the above problems, this paper presents a measurement method for three degrees of freedom error motions of rotary axis based on auto-collimation principle. The proposed system consists of two collimated laser, two beam splitters, two quadrant photodiode detectors (QPDs), four lenses and a high precision steel ball mounted on the top of DD motor. The error motions of the rotary axis result in the changes of the position of high precision steel ball. Thus, the shift values of laser beams reflected from the high precision steel ball are detected by the QPDs. The experimental results show that the radial and axial error motions of DD motors is less than 3.2μm and range from -1.5μm to 2μm respectively
This study presents the design and model of a XY parallel inertial drive mechanism (PIDM) based on piezoelectric bending actuators. Mechanical structure of the PIDM and its working principle are introduced. A dynamic model of the XY PIDM is established with simplification of mechanism and expansion of friction force. With extracted dynamic model parameters, numerical simulations of the XY parallel motions are implemented using software MATLAB/Simulink. Stepping responses of the single DOF motions and cooperative planar motions with various driving parameters are analyzed.
With rapid developments of micro/nano science and technology, precision platforms are widely required in the research and industry fields. This paper presents a 2-DOF parallel linear precision platform utilizing piezoelectric impact drive mechanism. With symmetrical flexible structure and specific piezoelectric driving manner, effective and decoupled actuation of the stator is achieved. FEA simulations are conducted to investigate the characteristics of the stator. With established dynamic model of the platform, motion responses of stator and slider in the two directions are simulated and analyzed. With simultaneous actuation of the 2-DOF motions, a motion interaction phenomenon is raised and discussed.
The course of “Applied Optics” is professional and foundational for the specialty of photo-electric information and engineering. According to the characteristics of the specialty, the teaching contents, teaching means, innovations and appraisal methods are mainly discussed in this paper. Firstly, one of the most difficult part to comprehend, the Fermat principle is taken as an example in the teaching content. By using the development history of optics and interesting natural phenomenon, students' understanding of the optical knowledge can be enhanced. Secondly, in various means of teaching art, ZEMAX provides students with a platform of training innovative consciousness and engineering capacity, and it make high cohesion in teaching and scientific research. Thirdly, in the teaching innovation, photoelectric contest can stimulate students' innovative thinking, innovation awareness, and cultivate undergraduate students’ optics, mechanics, electricity, numerology integrated design capabilities. Lastly, the reform in the appraisal methods guide students from focusing on the examination results to pay attention to the learning process. Eventually, students' study interest has improved, demand of the engineering practice has adapted, and the well teaching effect has realized.
A high-resolution transducer of linear displacements is presented. The system is based on semiconductor laser illumination and a diffraction grating applied as a length master. The theory of the optical method is formulated using Doppler description. The relationship model among the interference strips, measurement errors, grating deflection around the X, Y and Z axes and translation along the Z axis is built. The grating interference strips' direction and space is not changed with movement along the X (direction of grating movement), Y (direction of grating line), Z axis, and the direction and space has a great effect when rotating around the X axis. Moreover the space is little affected by deflection around the Z axis however the direction is changed dramatically. In addition, the strips' position shifted rightward or downwards respectively for deflection around the X or Y axis. Because the emitted beams are separated on the grating plane, the tilt around the X axis error of the stage during motion will lead to the optical path difference of the two beams resulting in phase shift. This study investigates the influence of the tilt around the X axis error. Experiments show that after yaw error compensation, the high-resolution diffraction grating interferometric transducer readings can be significantly improved. The error can be reduced from ±80 nm to ±30 nm in maximum.
QR code encodes many kinds of information because of its advantages: large storage capacity, high reliability, full arrange of utter-high-speed reading, small printing size and high-efficient representation of Chinese characters, etc. In order to obtain the clearer binarization image from complex background, and improve the recognition rate of QR code, this paper researches on pre-processing methods of QR code (Quick Response Code), and shows algorithms and results of image pre-processing for QR code recognition. Improve the conventional method by changing the Souvola’s adaptive text recognition method. Additionally, introduce the QR code Extraction which adapts to different image size, flexible image correction approach, and improve the efficiency and accuracy of QR code image processing.
Planar cross diffraction grating can be adopted to measure displacement as scale. In this paper, Planar grating
interferometer configuration for precise displacement measurements is introduced, and the principle of interferometer
based on polarization optics is deduced. According to 2-D grating interferometer structure, error sources are analyzed,
and the pitch and yaw of 2-D grating guide caused by planar guide's non-linearity is the main factors to decrease the
measurement system's accuracy. With grating interferometer error sources analysis, precise planar stage is proposed to
integrate with the gating interferometer, the stage is compact and can minimize abbe error in structure. The methods of
calibration and error compensation are employed to improve the position accuracy of the stage. As experiments show,
the stage position repeatability is less than 0.1um.
This paper has researched signal processing methods of grating measurement system, and has come out a method to subdivide grating signals based on BP neural network. This measuring method focuses on the special property of the obtained grating signal. The method also decreases the precision requirement of the signal. When the measuring system changes, subdivision models can be altered automatically by software. BP neural networks can subdivide grating signals with few sampling points but high magnitude. This subdivide-method combines software and hardware, has simple structure, does not require complex circuit, and has a strong adaptive system.
2-D grating interferometer configuration for high resolution displacement measurements is introduced, and the interferometer uses one cross grating as the scale to achieve planar displacement measurement. According to 2-D grating interferometer structure, error sources are analyzed, and the pitch and yaw of 2-D grating guide caused by planar guide's non-linearity is the main factors to decrease the measurement system's accuracy. The theoretical analysis of the three spatial axes guide error is carried out and the related errors are evaluated separately. According to the analysis, the measurement accuracy is sensitive to 2-D grating movement's pitch and yaw, the grating's location deflections are only systematic error and can be compensated by calibration experiments and software, some methods of system error correction and system mount are given. In order to decrease the system sensitivity to the errors of the grating plane movement, the improved configuration is proposed.
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