This paper reviews a set of color spaces that allow reversible mapping between red-green-blue and luma-chroma
representations in integer arithmetic. The YCoCg transform and its reversible form YCoCg-R can improve coding gain
by over 0.5 dB with respect to the popular YCrCb transform, while achieving much lower computational complexity.
We also present extensions of the YCoCg transform for four-channel CMYK pixel data. Thanks to their reversibility
under integer arithmetic, these transforms are useful for both lossy and lossless compression. Versions of these
transforms are used in the HD Photo image coding technology (which is the basis for the upcoming JPEG XR standard)
and in recent editions of the H.264/MPEG-4 AVC video coding standard.
JPEG XR is a draft international standard undergoing standardization within the JPEG committee, based on a Microsoft
technology known as HD Photo. One of the key innovations in the draft JPEG XR standard is its integer-reversible
hierarchical lapped transform. The transform can provide both bit-exact lossless and lossy compression in the same
signal flow path. The transform requires only a small memory footprint while providing the compression benefits of a
larger block transform. The hierarchical nature of the transform naturally provides three levels of multi-resolution signal
representation. Its small dynamic range expansion, use of only integer arithmetic and its amenability to parallelized
implementation lead to reduced computational complexity. This paper provides an overview of the key ideas behind the
transform design in JPEG XR, and describes how the transform is constructed from simple building blocks.
This paper presents a brief overview of the multiresolution transform designs used in a few image and video compression systems, namely H.264, PTC (progressive transform coder), and JPEG2000. The first two use hierarchical transforms, and the third uses wavelet transforms. We review the basis constructions for the hierarchical transforms, and compare some of their characteristics with those of wavelet transforms. In terms of compression performance as measured by peak-signal to noise ratio, H.264 provides the best performance, but at much higher computational complexity. In terms of visual quality, the multiresolution transforms provide an improvement over block (single resolution) transforms.
An overview of the new H.324 standard for real-time multimedia teleconferencing is presented. Its main components, H.223, H.245, H.263, and G.723 are briefly reviewed, with emphasis on the improvements of each one over their corresponding H.320 series standards.
new transform coder based on the zonal sampling strategy, which outperforms the JPEG baseline coder with comparable computational complexity, is presented. The primary transform used is the 8- x 8-pixel-block discrete cosine transform, although it can be replaced by other transforms, such as the lapped orthogonal transform, without any change in the algorithm. This coder is originally based on the Chen-Smith coder, therefore, we call it an improved
Chen-Smith (ICS) coder. However, because many new features were incorporated in this improved version, it largely outperforms its predecessor. Key approaches in the ICS coder, such as a new quantizer design, arithmetic coders, noninteger bit-rate allocation, decimated variance maps, distance-based block classification, and human visual sensitivity weighting, are essential for its high performance. Image compression programs were developed and applied
to several test images. The results show that the ICS performs substantially better than the JPEG coder.
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