Demands for a hydrogen fuel has been increased due to usages as an ecological and alternative energy resource. On the other hand, hydrogen easily causes an explosion above concentrations of 4 % in air, hence hydrogen sensors are need to have rapidity and accuracy for detecting hydrogen. Conventional hydrogen sensors have mainly used palladium (Pd) which is known as a hydrogen detecting material with high sensitivities and selectivity to hydrogen. Generally, Pd absorbs hydrogen in large amounts and forms Pd hydride, moreover, Pd experiences α-β phase transition during volume change of Pd with hydrogen absorption. As a result, the volume change of Pd induces a deterioration which affects time responses and sensitivities of hydrogen sensors. To keep Pd from deteriorating, alloying Pd with metals, such as Au and Ag, has been utilized as preventing Pd from experiencing α-β phase transition. In this paper, we propose a hetero-core optical fiber hydrogen sensor based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) with multi-layers of Au/Ta2O5/Pd/Au in order to suppress the deterioration of Pd. A few sensors were prepared with the same construction of sensitive film 25-nm Au/ 60-nm Ta2O5/ thicknesses with stacks of annealed 3 double layers of 1.4-nm Pd and 0.6-nm Au or 5-nm pure Pd, and evaluated in terms of the time response and sensitivities. The response times at the 1st and the 15th hydrogen absorption test were experimentally observed to be from 3 s to 6 s for annealed Pd-Au, in contrast, to be from about 16 s to 22 s for pure Pd at 4 % hydrogen concentration, respectively.
In this paper, the multi-point hydrogen detection system using the hetero-core optical fiber hydrogen tip sensor based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and Pseudorandom Noise code correlation reflectometry (PNCR) has been proposed. This method makes use of the correlation between a launched pseudorandom noise code signal and its reflection, can obtain a high signal to noise ration. We demonstrated the 4 sensors characteristics to 4% hydrogen. It was observed from experimental results that all sensors induced a response time of 15 s for 4% hydrogen for the 25-nm Au / 60-nm Ta2O5 / 5-nm Pd multi-layers film. In addition, all sensors were detected the hydrogen concentration with sufficient sensitivities.
Long-length fiber Bragg grating (FBG) with the length of about 100 mm was embedded onto the surface of a carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP) substrate and two CFRP adherends were joined by adhesive to form an adhesive bonded single-lap joint. The joint was subjected to 0.5 Hz cyclic tensile load and longitudinal strain distributions along FBG were measured at 5 Hz by the fiber-optic distributed sensing system based on optical frequency domain reflectometry (OFDR). We could successfully monitor the strain distributions accurately with high spatial resolution of around 1 mm.
In this paper, we describe characteristics of distributed strain sensing based on a Delayed Transmission/Reflection Ratiometric Reflectometry (DTR3) scheme with a long-gauge Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG), which is attractive to dynamic structural deformation monitoring such as a helicopter blade and an airplane wing. The DTR3 interrogator using the longgauge FBG has capability of detecting distributed strain with 50 cm spatial resolution in 100 Hz sampling rate. We evaluated distributed strain sensing characteristics of the long-gauge FBG attached on a 5.5 m helicopter blade model in static tests and free vibration dynamic tests.
We investigate the capability of local birefringence detection in an embedded fiber Bragg grating (FBG) using optical frequency domain reflectometry. We embed an FBG into carbon fiber reinforced plastic specimen, and conduct 3-point bending test. The cross-sectional stresses are applied to the FBG at the loading location in addition to the non-uniform longitudinal strain distribution over the length of the FBG. The local birefringence due to the cross-sectional stresses was successfully detected while the non-uniform longitudinal strain distribution was accurately measured.
In this paper, we reveal characteristics of static and dynamic distributed strain measurement using a long-gauge fiber Bragg grating (FBG) and a Delayed Transmission/Reflection Ratiometric Reflectometry (DTR3) scheme. The DTR3 scheme has capability of detecting distributed strain using the long-gauge FBG with 50-cm spatial resolution. Additionally, dynamic strain measurement can be achieved using this technique in 100-Hz sampling rate. We evaluated strain sensing characteristics of the long-gauge FBG attached on 2.5-m aluminum bar by a four-point bending equipment. Experimental results showed that the DTR3 using the long-gauge FBG could detect distributed strain in static tests and resonance frequency of structure in free vibration tests. As a result, it is suggested that the DTR3 scheme using the longgauge FBG is attractive to structural health monitoring (SHM) as dynamic deformation detection of a few and tensmeters structure such as the airplane wing and the helicopter blade.
We equipped a composite wing structure fiber Bragg grating (FBG) arrays including 246 FBGs with 10 mm gauge
length, eight and six long-length FBGs with 300 mm and 500 mm, respectively. The length of the wing was 6 m and it
was made of carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP). The sensing system based on optical frequency domain
reflectometry (OFDR) was used in a series of load tests. The measured results by FBG arrays showed the overall
deformation of the wing and good agreement with analysis results. Additionally, strain distributions of stress
concentration zones were successfully measured by long-length FBGs.
We demonstrate distributed monitoring of long-length fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) under lateral loads using optical
frequency domain reflectometry (OFDR). Local lateral loads are applied to a certain area of the long-length FBGs. We
observe splits of Bragg peaks due to the lateral loads in a distributed manner. We calculated the lateral loads based on the
amount of Bragg peak splits, which showed the good agreement with the applied loads.
We have developed fiber-optic distributed sensors based on optical frequency domain reflectometry (OFDR). This
sensing system utilizes long-length fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) and is able to measure strain or temperature distributions
with the high spatial resolution along FBGs. In this paper we inscribe a long-length FBG into Polarization-maintaining
AND Absorption-reducing fiber (PANDA-FBG) for simultaneous strain and temperature measurements. Applying
PANDA-FBG to OFDR system, we perform both simultaneous measurements and distributed sensing with a single
PANDA-FBG. In experiments we bonded the PANDA-FBG on a stainless beam and applied several steps of temperature
changes and four-point bending loads. We performed simultaneous measurements over the local area of the beam. Based
on the results, we compensated the temperature changes and calculated the strain distribution along the whole part of the
beam. The experimental results showed the applicability of this method.
Optical fiber sensors are promised candidates as sensor elements in structural health monitoring (SHM). Especially
fiber-optic distributed strain sensors that return a strain value as a function of linear position along an optical fiber have
been attractive for people in the field of SHM. We have developed a distributed strain sensing system using long-length
fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs), based on optical frequency domain reflectometry (OFDR). We employ long-length FBGs
whose length is about 100 mm and the sensing region, in other words the gauge length, can be expanded up to more than
1 m by serially-cascaded long-length FBGs. This sensing system has the high spatial resolution of less than 1 mm. In this
paper the distributed sensing system with OFDR and its application to SHM are described.
High spatial resolution and sensitivity are required in distributed strain measurements for structural health
monitoring. We have developed a distributed strain sensing technique with long gauge FBG sensors, which
enables to measure strain at an arbitrary position along the FBG sensors with the high spatial resolution less
than 1 mm based on optical frequency domain reflectometry (OFDR). In this paper this technique with a 1500
mm gauge length FBG was applied to monitoring strain distributions of a simply supported beam subjected to
bending loads. The agreement between the measured strain and the theoretical one is excellent. Also we
succeeded to identify the applied load by the inverse analysis from the measured strain distribution data, and
confirmed the validity of these methods.
Simultaneous measurement of strain and temperature by means of the polarization division
multiplexing optical frequency domain reflectometry was demonstrated. In the measurement, a high
birefringence PANDA type polarization maintaining fiber was used for a fiber Bragg grating portion.
It was confirmed that Bragg reflection wavelengths corresponding to slow and fast axes have different
dependence on strain and temperature. High accuracy simultaneous measurement of strain and
temperature within errors ±20 με and ±2 °C was achieved for any strain and temperature
conditions used in this study.
Strain along a welded joint submitted to a load can fluctuate because of inhomogeneity in thickness or residual stress
distributions and defects. Inversely, strain fluctuation may represent such inhomogeneities or defects. We applied the
distributed strain sensing technique with a long gauge FBG to monitoring strain distributions along a welded tubular
joint of a steel pipe. By using this sensing technique, we can measure a strain distribution at an arbitrary position along a
FBG with the high spatial resolution less than 1 mm. In the tensile test of the steel pipe, we could successfully measure
the strain distribution along the weld line of about 100 mm in length. We also observed the strain fluctuating sharply in
some areas and acoustic emissions were simultaneously detected by the other sensors. In some areas where sharp
fluctuations occurred, defects were observed by also computer tomography carried out after the tensile test. Applications
for the sensing technique include health monitoring for other joint configurations, such as fastening and bonding.
In this study, we applied fiber Bragg grating sensors to conduct process/health
monitoring of wind turbine blade manufactured by VaRTM. In this study, we used a long gauge FBG
(about 100mm) based optical frequency domain reflectometory (OFDR) and 8 FBGs on a single fiber
based wavelength division multiplexing (WDM). Resin flow front and resin cure were detected
during VaRTM. After manufacturing, structural health monitoring was conducted with the blades.
These sensors with multiplexing techniques were able to monitor VaRTM process and wind turbine
blade successfully.
We demonstrated the optical frequency domain reflectometry (OFDR) measurement system with all
polarization maintaining fiber including fiber Bragg grating (FBG). We succeeded to obtain the slow
and fast axial Bragg reflection spectra individually. We proposed the novel method to compensate the
measured position miss matching between slow and fast axial Bragg reflection spectra, and confirmed
the validity of the method.
In this study, we implemented resin flow monitoring by using an optical fiber sensor during vacuum assisted resin
transfer molding (VaRTM).We employed optical frequency domain reflectometry (OFDR) and fiber Bragg grating
(FBG) sensor for distributed sensing. Especially, long gauge FBGs (about 100mm) which are 10 times longer than an
ordinary FBG were employed for more effective distributed sensing. A long gauge FBG was embedded in GFRP
laminates, and other two ones were located out of laminate for wavelength reference and temperature compensation,
respectively. During VaRTM, the embedded FBG could measure how the preform affected the sensor with vacuum
pressure and resin was flowed into the preform. In this study, we intended to detect the gradient of compressive strain
between impregnated part and umimpregnated one within long gauge FBG. If resin is infused to preform, compressive
strain which is generated on FBG is released by volume of resin. We could get the wavelength shift due to the change of
compressive strain along gauge length of FBG by using short-time Fourier transformation for signal acquired from FBG.
Therefore, we could know the resin flow front with the gradient of compressive strain of FBG. In this study, we used
silicon oil which has same viscosity with resin substitute for resin in order to reuse FBG. In order to monitor resin flow,
the silicon oil was infused from one edge of preform, the silicon oil was flowed from right to left. Then, we made dry
spot within gauge length by infusing silicon oil to both sides of preform to prove the ability of dry spot monitoring with
FBG. We could monitor resin flow condition and dry spot formation successfully using by FBG based on OFDR.
We developed a strain measurement system based on optical frequency domain reflectometry and applied it to measuring strain distributions of a specimen in tensile tests. In the sensing region on the specimen, five FBG sensors of 6 mm gauge length or one of 100 mm gauge length was bonded and strain measurements were implemented with both configurations. By using the former configuration, we could successfully carry out accurate quasi-distributed strain measurements. The later allowed fully-distributed measurements for 100 mm at the high spatial resolution. Such performance of high resolution sensing can be applied to health monitoring of a structure which may have stress concentration. In this paper, we describe the principle of the measurement system and the results in the tensile tests.
The shock waves generated by an excitation discharge on XeCl- excimer laser have been visualized by a shadowgraph technique. The propagation velocity of the shock waves has been measured by using an image converter camera. The propagation velocity is estimated to be approximately 530 m/s for the shock wave beating between the main electrodes, which persists for a long period between the discharge region. On the other hand, the shock wave propagating along the flow axis, which originates from the boundary between the heated column and non-heated region, propagates initially with the velocity of approximately 730 m/s. It is clearly explained by using a plane blast wave theory that the propagation velocity of this shock wave slightly decreases as the shock wave propagates.
To reduce the load on switching devices, a new type of all-solid-state excitation circuit has been successfully developed, where only one GTO thyristor is utilized in the switching device and a saturable transformer is used as the magnetic pulse compressor. We have used a saturable transformer with a winding ratio of 1:7. The initial pulse of 5.5 kV, 1.7 kA, 1.0 kA/microsecond(s) was transferred to the output pulse of 32.7 kV, 8.7 kA, 282 kA/ns. Employing this circuit for XeCl-excimer laser, we have succeeded in lasing the output energy of approximately 30 mJ/pulse.
Access to the requested content is limited to institutions that have purchased or subscribe to SPIE eBooks.
You are receiving this notice because your organization may not have SPIE eBooks access.*
*Shibboleth/Open Athens users─please
sign in
to access your institution's subscriptions.
To obtain this item, you may purchase the complete book in print or electronic format on
SPIE.org.
INSTITUTIONAL Select your institution to access the SPIE Digital Library.
PERSONAL Sign in with your SPIE account to access your personal subscriptions or to use specific features such as save to my library, sign up for alerts, save searches, etc.