The key challenge before extreme ultraviolet lithography is to make defect-free masks, for which it is important to identify the root cause of defects, and it is also necessary to establish suitable critical mask defect size for the production of ULSI devices. We have been developing extreme ultraviolet (EUV) mask infrastructures such as a full-field actinic blank inspection tool and 199 nm wavelength patterned mask inspection tool in order to support blank/mask supplier in reducing blank/mask defects which impact wafer printing. In this paper, by evaluating the printability of programmed phase defects and absorber defects exposed by full-field scanner EUV1, we demonstrate that defect detection sensitivities of actinic blank inspection and patterned mask inspection are higher than that of wafer inspection in HP32nm. The evaluations were done by comparing the detection sensitivities of full-field actinic blank inspection tool, 199 nm wavelength patterned mask inspection tool, and electron beam (EB) wafer inspection tool. And then, based on the native defect analysis of blank/mask, we ascertained that actinic blank inspection and patterned mask inspection are effective in detecting killer defects both at the main pattern and at the light-shield border area.
It is important to control the defect level of the EUV lithography mask because of pellicle-less. We studied the resist
patterned wafer inspection method using EB inspection system.
In this paper, the defect detection sensitivity of EB inspection system is quantified using hp 32 nm line and space
pattern with about 5 nm LWR (Line Width Roughness). Programmed defects of 13 nm narrowing and 10 nm widening
have been detected successfully after the optimization of column and inspection condition. Next, the defects detected by
mask inspection system and EB wafer inspection system were compared and were in good agreement for printed killer
defects. In these results, EB inspection system is proved to be useful for EUV resist inspection.
Further, we evaluated the resist material damage by EB inspection irradiation and indicated the direction of reducing
the shrinkage.
The next generation EUVL masks beyond hp15nm are difficult to repair for the current repair technologies including
focused ion beam (FIB) and electron beam (EB) in view of the minimum repairable size. We developed a new FIB
technology to repair EUVL masks. Conventional FIB use gallium ions (Ga+) generated by a liquid metal ion source
(LMIS), but the new FIB uses hydrogen ions (H2+) generated by a gas field ion source (GFIS). The minimum reaction
area of H2+ FIB is theoretically much smaller than that of EB. We investigated the repair performance of H2+ FIB. In the
concrete, we evaluated image resolution, scan damage, etching rate, material selectivity of etching and actinic image of
repaired area. The most important result is that there was no difference between the repaired area and the non-repaired
one on actinic images. That result suggests that the H2+ GFIS technology is a promising candidate for the solution to
repair the next generation EUVL masks beyond hp15nm.
The key challenge before EUVL is to make defect-free masks, for which it is important to identify the root cause of
defects, and it is also necessary to establish suitable critical mask defect size for the production of ULSI devices. Selete
has been developing EUV mask infrastructures such as a full-field actinic blank inspection tool and 199nm wavelength
patterned mask inspection tool in order to support blank/mask supplier in reducing blank/mask defects which impact on
wafer printing. In this paper, by evaluating the printability of programmed phase defects and absorber defects exposed
by full-field scanner EUV1, we demonstrate that defect detection sensitivities of ABI (actinic blank inspection) and PI
(patterned mask inspection) are higher than that of WI (wafer inspection) in HP32nm. The evaluations were done by
comparing the detection sensitivities of full-field actinic blank inspection tool, 199nm wavelength patterned mask
inspection tool, and wafer EB inspection tool. And then, based on the native defect analysis of blank/mask, we
ascertained that actinic blank inspection and patterned mask inspection developed at Selete, are effective in detecting
killer defects both at the main pattern and at light-shield border area.
The key challenge before EUVL is to make defect-free masks hence it is important to identify the root cause of
defects, and it is also necessary to establish suitable critical mask defect size for the production of ULSI devices. Selete
has been developing EUV mask infrastructures such as a full-field actinic blank inspection tool and 199nm wavelength
patterned mask inspection tool in order to support blank/mask supplier in reducing blank/mask defects which impact on
wafer printing.
In this paper, we evaluate the printability of multilayer defects and of absorber defects exposed by a full-field scanner
EUV1, using full-field actinic/non-actinic blank inspection tool and 199nm wavelength patterned mask inspection tool.
And based on the results of native defect analysis of blank/mask, we ascertain that blank inspection with actinic is
necessary for mask fabrication in order to reduce the risk of missing phase defects, which hardly can be detected by
patterned mask inspection tool.
EUV lithography is expected to be not only for hp 2Xnm node device production method but also for hp 1X nm
node. We have already developed the mask inspection system using 199nm wavelength with simultaneous transmitted
and reflected illumination optics, which utilize p-polarized and s-polarized illumination for high defect detection
sensitivity, and we developed a new image contrast enhancement method which changes the digitizing rate of imaging
sensor depending on the signal level. Also, we evaluate the mask structure which improve the image contrast and defect
detection sensitivity. EUVL-mask has different configuration from transmitted type optical-mask. A captured image
simulator has been developed to study the polarized illumination performance theoretically of our inspection system.
Preferable mask structure for defect detection and possibility of miss defect detection are considered.
At the Photomask Japan 2010, we reported on the cleaning process durability and the EUV light shielding capability of
FIB- and EB-CVD film based on carbon, tungsten and silicon containing precursors. The results were that the tungsten
based FIB-CVD film showed no loss of film thickness after dry cleaning process, and the calculation showed that 56nm
thick was sufficient for repairing clear defects on EUV mask with 51nm thick of absorber layer. On the other hand,
carbon based FIB-CVD film suffered considerable loss in its film thickness and needed more than 180nm thick even if
the 10nm thick of buffer layer between the CVD films and the capping layer supported the EUV light shield.
In this paper, we will report on a newly developed repair method of clear defects on EUV mask using an FIB technique.
The clear defects were repaired by removing or damaging the reflective ML (multi layer) underlying the clear defect area
instead of applying the conventional FIB-CVD (Focused Ion Beam-Chemical Vapor Deposition) films. After removing
the ML, the cross sectional pattern angle was approximately 83 degree and the sidewalls were covered with 15nm thick
of Si and Mo mixing layer caused by Ga ions exposure. The performance of defect repair was evaluated by SFET (Small
Field Exposure Tool) printability test. The exposure results showed that the ML etched area behaved as low reflection
area and the printed CDs were proportional to the mask opening CDs. The study also revealed that the ML etched pattern
was not sensitive to 50nm of focus error.
In this paper, we will report on the cleaning process durability and light shielding capability of FIB- and EB-CVD
(Chemical Vapor Deposition) films which, are applied to repair clear defects on EUV mask. We evaluated tungsten
containing, and silicon containing precursors in addition to carbon based precursor. For the conventional photomasks, the
carbon based precursor is applied for repairing the clear defects because the reconstructed patterns by the carbon based
precursor have excellent printability. However, under the condition of EUV lithography, the optical property of carbon
deposited film is quite different.
From the stand point of beam, FIB-CVD films showed better cleaning process durability and light shielding capability
than EB-CVD film did. These differences are attributed to chemical components of the CVD films, especially with the
tungsten based FIB-CVD film that contains 44 atomic % of tungsten and 24 atomic % of gallium. The tungsten based
FIB-CVD film showed no loss of film thickness after dry cleaning, and the calculation showed that 56nmt was sufficient
for repairing clear defects on EUV mask with 51nmt of absorber layer. On the other hand, carbon based FIB-CVD film
suffered considerable loss in the film thickness and needed more than 180nm.
Lithography potential expands for 45nm node to 32nm device production by the development of immersion
technology and the introduction of phase shift mask. We have already developed the mask inspection system using
199nm wavelength with simultaneous transmitted illumination and reflected illumination optics, and is an effectual
candidate for hp 32nm node mask inspection. Also, it has high defect sensitivity because of its high optical resolution, so
as to be utilized for leading edge mask to next generation lithography. EUV lithography with 13.5nm exposure
wavelength is dominant candidate for the next generation lithography because of its excellent resolution for 2x half pitch
(hp) node device. But, applying 199nm optics to complicated lithography exposure tool option for hp2x nm node and
beyond, further development such as image contrast enhancement will be needed. EUVL-mask has different
configuration from transmitted type optical-mask. It is utilized for reflected illumination type exposure tool. Its
membrane structure has reverse contrast compared with optical-mask. This nature leads image profile difference from
optical-mask. A feasibility study was conducted for EUV mask pattern defect inspection using DUV illumination optics
with two TDI (Time Delay Integration) sensors. To optimize the inspection system configuration, newly developed Nonlinear
Image Contrast Enhancement method (NICE) is presented. This function capability greatly enhances inspectability
of EUVL mask.
As regard to EUV-Mask natural defect printability evaluation, several methods have been employed in the past.
However, because of their inherent difficulties those methods have not been able to provide precise answers. In this
paper, we used two improved methods for the evaluation of EUV-Mask natural defect printability capable of providing
precise answers. One improvement involves marking of the defect locations which makes it easier to find the wafer
printed defects; the other method involves CD-averaging of multiple exposure shots that results in more quantifiable
answers.
A novel EUV mask inspection tool with 199nm laser source and super-resolution technique has been developed.
This tool is based on NPI-5000PLUS, which is a photo-mask inspection tool for hp2X nm node and beyond. In order to
implement EUV mask inspection with only a short time for mask set-up, reflected illumination type alignment optics to
guide alignment mark and adjust mask coordinate with visible illumination light are equipped. Moreover, to inspect EUV
masks for hp2X nm and beyond, the image detection optics with the novel polarized illumination technique is
incorporated in this tool. Image contrast enhancement was confirmed by experiments and simulations.
In this paper, we will report on our experimental results on the impact of inspection system optics on mask defect
detection sensitivity. We evaluated the capability of detecting defects on the EUVL masks by using a new inspection
tool (NPI6000EUVα) made by NuFlare Technology, Inc. (NFT) and Advanced Mask Inspection Technology, Inc.
(AMiT). This tool is based on NPI-5000 which is the leading-edge photomask defect inspection system using 199nm
wavelength inspection optics. The programmed defect mask with LR-TaBN absorber was used which had various sized
opaque and clear extension defects on hp-180nm, hp-128nm, and hp-108nm line and space patterns. According to the
analysis, to obtain optimum sensitivity for various types of defects, using both C- and P-polarized illumination
conditions were found to be effective. At present, sufficient defect-detection sensitivity is achieved for opaque and clear
extension defects in hp128nm (hp32nm at wafer). For hp108nm (hp27nm at wafer), using both C- and P- polarized
illumination is effective. However, further developments in defect-detection sensitivity are necessary.
In this paper, we will report on our experimental and simulation results on the impact of EUVL mask absorber
structure and of inspection system optics on mask defect detection sensitivity. We employed a commercial simulator
EM-Suite (Panoramic Technology, Inc.) which calculated rigorously using FDTD (Finite-difference time-domain)
method. By using various optical constants of absorber stacks, we calculated image contrasts and defect image signals as
obtained from the mask defect inspection system. We evaluated the image contrast and the capability of detecting
defects on the EUVL masks by using a new inspection tool made by NuFlare Technology, Inc. (NFT) and Advanced
Mask Inspection Technology, Inc. (AMiT). This tool is based on NPI-5000 which is the leading-edge photomask defect
inspection system using 199nm wavelength inspection optics. The programmed defect masks with LR-TaBN and LRTaSi
absorbers were used which had various sized opaque and clear extension defects on hp-160nm, hp-225nm, and hp-
325nm line and space patterns. According to the analysis, reflectivity of EUVL mask absorber structures and the
inspection optics have large influence on image contrast and defect sensitivity. It is very important to optimize absorber
structure and inspection optics for the development of EUVL mask inspection technology, and for the improvement of
performance of EUV lithographic systems.
We evaluated a FIB-CVD (Focused Ion Beam-Chemical Vapor Deposition) process for repairing clear defects on EUV
masks. For the CVD film, we selected Carbon material. Our simulation result showed that the properties of wafer-prints
depended on the density of the carbon films deposited for repairing the clear defects. Especially, when the density of
carbon film was higher than that of graphite the properties of the wafer-prints came out to be almost same as obtained
from Ta-based absorbers. For CVD, in this work we employed typical carbon based precursor that has been routinely
used for repairing photomask patterns. The defects created for our evaluation were line-cut defects in a hp225nm L/S
pattern. The performance of defect repair was evaluated by SFET (Small Field Exposure Tool) printability test. The
study showed that the focus characteristic of repaired region deteriorated as the thickness of the deposition film
decreased, especially when the thickness went below the thickness of the absorber. However, when the deposition film
thickness was same as that of the absorber film, focus characteristic was found to be excellent. The study also revealed
that wafer-print CDs could be controlled by controlling the CDs of the deposition films. The durability of deposition
films against the buffer layer etching process and hydrogen radical cleaning process is also discussed.
The lithography potential of an ArF (193nm) laser exposure tool with high numerical aperture (NA) will expand its
lithography potential to 45nm node production and even beyond. Consequently, a mask inspection system with a
wavelength nearly equal to 193nm is required so as to detect defects of the masks using resolution enhancement
technology (RET). A novel high-resolution mask inspection platform using DUV wavelength has been developed, which
works at 199nm. The wavelength is close to the wavelength of ArF exposure tool. In order to adapt 199nm optics for
hp2x nm node and beyond defect detection on next generation mask with appropriate condition, further development
such as the illumination condition modification technique has been studied. The illumination optics has the advantageous
feature that super-resolution method is applied by adding the optics. To evaluate the super-resolution effect of
illumination condition control optics, the interaction of light with mask features is calculated rigorously using RCWA
(Rigorous Coupled-Wave Analysis) method.
In this paper, image contrast enhancement effect using newly designed super-resolution optics which is applied to
transmitted and reflected light image acquisition system are presented with simulation and experiment.
EUV mask damage caused by Ga focused ion beam irradiation during the mask defect repair was studied. The
concentration of Ga atom implanted in the multilayer through the buffer layer and distributions of recoil atoms were
calculated by SRIM. The reflectivity of the multilayer was calculated from the Ga distribution below the capping layer
surface. To validate the calculation, Ga focused ion beam was irradiated on the buffer layer. The EUV reflectivity was
measured after the buffer layer etching process. The measured reflectivity change was considerably larger than the one
predicted from the absorption of light by the implanted Ga. The large reflectivity loss was primarily due to the absorption
of light by chromium silicide residue which was generated by the intermixing of the buffer and the capping layer. Both
lowering of the acceleration voltage and using thicker buffer layer were found to be effective in reducing this intermixing.
The reduction of the reflectivity loss by using thicker buffer layer was confirmed by our experiments. An aerial image of
patterns with etching residue formed by the intermixing was simulated. When the thickness of the intermixed layer
happened to be 8 nm and the size of the resulting residue was larger than 100 nm, then the impact of the estimated
absorption by the residue on the linewidth of 32 nm hp line pattern became more than 5 %.
We evaluated a new FIB-GAE (Focused Ion Beam-Gas Assisted Etching) repairing process for the absorber defects on
EUVL mask. XeF2 gas and H2O gas were used as etching assist agent and etching stop agent respectively. The H2O gas
was used to oxidize Ta-nitride side-wall and to inactivate the remaining XeF2 gas after the completion of defect repair.
At the Photomask Japan 2008 we had reported that side-etching of Ta-nitride caused CD degradation in EUVL. In the
present paper we report on the performance of defect repair by FIB, and of printability using SFET (Small Field
Exposure Tool). The samples evaluated, were in form of bridge defects in hp225nm L/S pattern. The cross sectional
SEM images certified that the newly developed H2O gas process prevented side-etching damage to TaBN layer and
made the side-wall close to vertical. The printability also showed excellent results. There were no significant CD
changes in the defocus characterization of the defect repaired region. In its defect repair process, the FIB method showed
no signs of scan damage on Cr buffered EUV mask. The repair accuracy and the application to narrow pitched pattern
are also discussed.
In this paper, we will report on our experimental and simulation results on the impact of EUVL mask absorber
structure and of inspection system optics on mask defect detection sensitivity. We employed a commercial simulator
EM-Suite (Panoramic Technology, Inc.) which calculated rigorously using FDTD (Finite-difference time-domain)
method. By using various optical constants of absorber stacks, we calculated image contrasts and defect image signals as
obtained from the mask defect inspection system. We evaluated the image contrast and the capability of detecting
defects on the EUVL masks by using a new inspection tool made by NuFlare Technology, Inc. (NFT) and Advanced
Mask Inspection Technology, Inc. (AMiT). This tool is based on NPI-5000 which is the leading-edge photomask defect
inspection system using 199nm wavelength inspection optics. The programmed defect masks with LR-TaBN and LRTaSi
absorbers were used which had various sized opaque and clear extension defects on hp-160nm, hp-225nm, and hp-
325nm line and space patterns. According to the analysis, reflectivity of EUVL mask absorber structures and the
inspection optics have large influence on image contrast and defect sensitivity. It is very important to optimize absorber
structure and inspection optics for the development of EUVL mask inspection technology, and for the improvement of
performance of EUV lithographic systems.
We utilized a newly developed low acceleration voltage FIB (Focused Ion Beam) system and evaluated the process for
repairing the absorber layer on EUVL mask.
During the etching of the absorber layer, which is a step in conventional repair technique, a phenomenon of side-etching
of Ta-nitride layer with XeF2 gas was observed. This phenomenon was considered to be caused by the isotropic
etching of the Ta-nitride layer with XeF2 gas. We then added another gas for etching and evaluated the new process to
prevent the side-etching of Ta-nitride layer.
In this paper, we will report four evaluation results of EUVL mask pattern defect repair using FIB-GAE (Gas Assisted
Etching). The first one is the problem of pattern topography after conventional repairing process and the reaction
mechanism of gas assisted etching of Ta based absorber. The second evaluation result is addressed in two parts. One is
the evaluation of a new gas assisted etching process that employs an additional gas that has an ability to control the
etching rate of absorber layer. The second part addresses the repairing accuracy of EUVL mask pattern. The third is the
basic etching performance e.g. etching rate of Ta based absorber, Cr based buffer, and Si based capping layer. The fourth
and the last evaluation is the application of the newly developed gas assisted etching process on programmed bridge
defect in narrow pitched L/S patterns.
EUV mask damage caused by Ga focused ion beam irradiation during the mask defect repair was studied. The
concentration of Ga atom implanted in the multilayer through the buffer layer was calculated by SRIM. The reflectivity
of the multilayer was calculated from the Ga distribution below the capping layer surface. To validate the calculation, a
multilayer sample was irradiated with Ga FIB, and then EUV reflectivity was measured. The measured reflectivity
change was in good agreement with the calculated value. An aerial image of patterns with Ga implanted region was
simulated. The impact of the estimated Ga absorption on the linewidth of 32 nm hp line pattern was found to be less than
1 nm.
Selete launched a development program on EUV lithography and related mask technology in April 2006. The program is
based on the concept of "lithography design and integration." It covers a wide range of areas that require further effort to
get EUVL ready for volume production and was formulated on the basis that the issues should be considered from a
variety of standpoints, such as acceleration of the development of key lithographic components, verification that EUVL
is actually suitable for mass production, the construction of mask infrastructure, and the improvement of EUV-specific
reliability and productivity. Two exposure tools have been installed as basic infrastructure: the small-field exposure tool
(SFET) and the full-field exposure tool (EUV1). The objectives of the SFET installation are acceleration of the
development of resist materials and processes, optimization of the mask structure and materials, and the evaluation of the
exposure tool technology with regard to such things as imaging performance, stability, and the lifetimes of the optics and
source components. The objective of the EUV1 installation is to demonstrate that lithography integration is a viable path
to making EUV lithography a practical production technology. We found that the SFET provides both excellent
resolution and high tool activity. This high performance helps us to obtain a clear understanding of the current level of
EUVL performance and enables us to learn many things that can be fed back into the development program in the beta
stage. A 1st static exposure with the EUV1 resolved 30-nm dense and isolated lines and 30-nm holes. The potential
resolution was found to be as good as 28 nm. Although progress was made regarding EUV resist sensitivity and LWR,
further progress is needed. A tool for analyzing out-gassing in EUV resists was found to facilitate the development of
both resist materials and contamination control measures for exposure tools. A prototype full-field actinic inspection
system for mask blanks is now under development and should become operational in the 2Q of 2008. A mask protection
engineering (MPE) tool was used to show that a dual-pod carrier is very effective in protecting a mask from particles.
Mask pattern defect inspection technology using a DUV wavelength of 199 nm and defect repair technology based on an
FIB for EUV mask fabrication are also being developed. This work was supported in part by NEDO.
In this paper, we will report two evaluation results. One is the relationship between EUVL mask structure and image
contrast values captured by 199nm inspection optics. The other is the influence of mask structure on defect inspection
sensitivity.
We utilized a commercially available DUV inspection system that has the shortest inspection wavelength at 199nm.
Using the 199nm inspection optics, enough image contrast values on hp32nm 1:1 lines and spaces using ArF-half tone
(HT) mask were obtained. On the other hand, image contrast values were not sufficient for conventional EUVL mask
that have a 70nm absorber layer thickness. To improve the contrast values of mask pattern image, we evaluated the
effect of absorber layer thickness on inspection image contrasts. As a result, reducing the thickness of the absorber layer
to 44nm, enough image contrast values of hp32nm 1:1 lines and spaces patterns were obtained.
In this paper, the influence of the thickness of absorber layer on inspection sensitivities for opaque and clear extension
defects are also discussed.
One of the key issues in extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUVL) is the influence of defects on a mask because of the
high printing resolution of EUVL. In order to address this issue, it is necessary to estimate the critical size of an absorber
pattern defect and that of a repaired defect. The repair of an opaque defect by milling or of a clear defect by deposition
might not be perfect; so the area, height, and optical constant of the repair material must be taken into consideration. By
estimating the threshold of calculated aerial images, the critical dimension (CD) that can be printed was found to equal
the square root of the defect area. For the repair of opaque defects, residual Ta was found to be more likely to cause poor
printing than the etching of the multilayer by excessive milling. Since a clear defect is repaired with Ta with the same
optical properties as the absorber material, the CD error in printing is mainly caused by the repair of a CD error and is
not caused by an error in height that is less than ±25% of the height of the Ta absorber. The optimal optical constant of
the repair material was estimated by varying the refraction coefficient from 0.9199 to 0.9999 and the extinction
coefficient form 0.0001 to -0.0451. We found that carbon is a useful repair material that provides a CD error of at most
±0.5 nm around a defect with an area of 64 nm because the maximum refraction should be below 0.97.
Temperature of EUV mask surface under inspection laser beam irradiation is modeled and simulated. Various conditions
including beam power, beam size, irradiation time, and wavelength are considered. Calculation program for this study
has two components: at first, average power passing through the film is calculated from optical properties of materials,
and then heat transfer equations are solved using finite difference method. Temperature of multilayer below the absorber
depends on the optical properties of absorber film surface. At the wavelength of deep ultraviolet region, temperature of
multilayer below the absorber rises higher than in the temperature of multilayer directly exposed to the beam.
We evaluated the capability of a commercially available DUV system equipped with
reflective inspection optics with the shortest inspection wavelength of 199nm in detecting
pattern defect on EUVL mask of hp45nm programmed defect pattern. The sensitivity of the
system for opaque extension defects for hp45nm node was quite acceptable but for clear
extension defects the sensitivity of the system was rather poor. In this paper, the influence of
base pattern size on inspection sensitivities for opaque and clear extension defects is discussed.
Defect printability and sensitivity of reticle inspection systems were studied for 0.18 micrometer-rule devices. For our evaluation, an OPC test reticle was designed, and fabricated with E-beam and dry-etching. Base patterns are 0.18 micrometer-rule memory cells. Serif length is 0.3 micrometer and step is 0.1 micrometer (on reticle). The programmed defects have varieties of types, locations, and sizes. For the defect printability test, we used a 4 X KrF scanner (NA equals 0.6, (sigma) equals 0.75), and resist image was measured by CD-SEM. The defects which cause more than plus or minus 5% CD error were defined as 'printable' defects. It was cleared that very small defects can be printed on the wafer. For instance, 50 nm side placement defects were printed. Several inspection systems were evaluated and compared with our printability specification. From our result, there were no systems which have better performance than our specification. However, some latest systems were very close to our specification.
An assist-feature mask was fabricated for 0.2 micrometers window pattern formations using a dry etching process. Although the mask's assist-features were as small as 0.68 micrometers , mask inspection was successfully carried out using the cell-shift method. In addition, defects in assist-features were repaired by use of a laser mask repair system. The lithographic performance of this assist-feature mask was compared with that of a conventional mask, using a 4x KrF excimer laser exposure tool and a 0.7 micrometers thick positive resist. The numerical aperture (NA) of the exposure tool was 0.55 and annular illumination was used. The depth of focus of the 0.2 micrometers window was improved from 0.4 to 0.6 micrometers . Moreover, it was confirmed that defects in the assist- feature have little influence on the focus latitude of the main pattern. The DOF of patterns repaired with this technique recovered to nearly the same as that of the no- defect pattern.
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