KEYWORDS: Nonlinear optics, Distortion, Modulation, Signal to noise ratio, Digital signal processing, Transmitters, Complex systems, Nonlinear filtering, Filtering (signal processing), Signal processing
As network traffic increases continuously, advances in spectral efficiency with higher-order modulation formats, such as 64 and 256 quadrature amplitude modulation (64-QAM and 256-QAM, respectively), are expected. The device nonlinearity is a major obstacle in achieving a higher-order modulation which requires a high signal-power-to-noise ratio and a low waveform distortion. In this study, we analyze the characteristics of device nonlinearity and its impact on the performance of a coherent transceiver. Furthermore, we demonstrate a low-complexity nonlinear compensation that operates on a symbol rate basis and that can handle higher-order modulations such as 64-QAM or beyond.
Optical transceiver imperfection including device bandwidth limitation, various tributary imbalances and even the PCB induced long-memory ripple and tributary crosstalk is one of the biggest obstacles impeding the high-order QAM coherent systems towards 100GBaud and beyond. Generally, the static imperfections could be calibrated at the preservice stage. The dynamic imperfections should be handled at the in-service stage. This talk will firstly review the instrument-free calibration process for the pre-service stage. Then various digital monitors for diagnosis and fault allocation either at pre-service stage or in-service stage, relying on the inherent monitoring function of receiver-side digital equalizers and the machine learning tool, will also be reviewed.
KEYWORDS: Polarization, Signal to noise ratio, Digital signal processing, Transmittance, Multiplexing, Signal attenuation, Receivers, Binary data, Transmitters, Signal processing
The performance of Pol-Mux systems is limited by polarization dependent loss (PDL) which mainly exist in the passive components and optical nodes. In coherent systems, the function of PDL mitigation to increase the transmission distance of polarization multiplexed signal is essential for the digital signal processing (DSP) technology. Several precoding technologies have been investigated with the capability of suppressing PDL penalty in a blind manner, so that the monitoring technology is not required. Space-time code is one of the precoding technologies with low processing complexity and better performance. An inverse matrix method was also investigated basing on the Mueller matrix monitor. The experimental demonstration showed good improvement by this method. In this paper, the PDL monitoring and the mitigation technologies will be summarized and well explained in theory.
Digital nonlinear compensation techniques have been thought to be keys to realize further spectrally efficient optical fiber communication systems. The most critical issue of the digital nonlinear compensation algorithms has been their computational complexity, or gate count of digital signal processing circuit. Among several approaches, digital nonlinear compensation algorithms based on perturbation analysis are attractive in terms of the hardware efficiency because the algorithms can compensate the accumulated nonlinear noise over all transmission spans with only one stage. In this paper, we discuss three approaches to sophisticate the perturbation nonlinear compensation. First, we illustrate a perturbation-based post-equalization method to improve the robustness to transceiver device imperfections. We next propose and numerically evaluate a symbol degeneration method to extend the perturbation nonlinear compensation methods to higher-order QAM without increasing the computational complexity. Finally, we discuss a sub-band processing of perturbation nonlinear compensation for further computational complexity reduction. By combining the perturbation method with Nyquist frequency division multiplexing, the computational complexity of perturbation calculation is reduced by a factor of more than 10 for 3000-km single-channel transmission of 128 Gbit/s dualpolarization QPSK with only 0.1 dB performance degradation.
The high complexity of conventional intra-channel nonlinearity compensation algorithms, such as back-propagation,
is considered as the major obstacle for the implementation. To reduce the complexity, perturbation analysis is
applied because it considers multi-span transmission as one stage. In those perturbation based algorithms, such as
perturbation back-propagation (PBP) and perturbation pre-distortion, the number of required compensation stage is
much less than that of conventional back-propagation. To reduce the complexity further, the multi-tap finite impulse
response filter (FIR) in PBP is replaced with one-tap infinite impulse response (IIR) filter. The number of required
compensation stage of IIR PBP is only 15% of conventional back-propagation, whereas the complexity of each stage
is almost same. In perturbation pre-distortion, the proposed perturbation combination reduces the number of terms
from 19732 to 41, whereas no performance degradation is observed.
Nonlinear distortion is one of the major obstacles in DWDM systems with enhanced spectral efficiencies. In this paper
several approaches to address the issue of nonlinear impairments by means of digital signal processing are discussed.
Firstly, implementation-efficient and novel intra-channel nonlinear compensation schemes are proposed; one is based on
digital pre-distortion at the transmitter end and the other is based on digital back-propagation at the receiver end. The
virtues of the two approaches and implications to various applications are discussed; the pre-distortion technique is in
particular advantageous with QPSK modulation format; on the other hand, the improved version of digital back-propagation
is attractive in transceivers with adaptive or variable modulation/demodulation. Second, digital signal
processing algorithms to counteract inter-channel nonlinearities, namely cross-phase modulation, are discussed;
nonlinear polarization crosstalk canceller (NPCC) is proposed for mitigating the impact of nonlinear-induced fast
polarization crosstalk in dual-polarization systems (in the speed beyond MHz), which is too fast to be tracked by
ordinary polarization demultiplexing algorithms; improvement to the carrier phase recovery circuit and its combination
with NPCC are even more useful for further performance improvement. Numerical and experimental data are introduced
to support the above discussions.
KEYWORDS: Polarization, Receivers, Phase shift keying, Modulation, Digital signal processing, Oscillators, Dispersion, Signal processing, Optical filters, Digital filtering
Digital coherent receivers with data-rates of 100 Gbit/s based on dual-polarization quaternary phase shift keying (DPQPSK)
have become a reality. One research trend is now directing towards even higher bit-rates of 400 Gbit/s and 1
Tbit/s. However, it is also very desirable to improve the performance of the current basic 100 Gbit/s DP-QPSK.
Algorithms have a huge improvement potential and exemplary recent advances will be introduced in this paper.
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