The light field imaging system can record the azimuth information of the light. With exposure, the views of different viewpoints can be obtained by calculation. In order to get those views, the traditional algorithm usually uses a periodical method. However, this kind of algorithm ignores the angle-relationship between the viewpoint and the center of each microlens. In this cases, it leads to distortion views. The reconstructed image has a low resolution and poor quality. In order to solve these problems, we studied the principle of light field sampling based on microlens array. According to geometrical optics, we proposed an efficient algorithm to acquire non-periodically the views. Firstly, we calculated the offset of each microlens center by analyzing the optical path of the light field. Then, we analyzed the range of visual angle. We calculated the projection region of the synthetic viewpoint, and extract non-periodically those pixels to form the view. It can improve the resolution of views. Finally, we smoothed and sharpened the result image to further improve the quality of the views, which can preserve the detail information and eliminate the noise at the same time. Experimental results showed that the image quality of the perspective views reconstructed by the proposed algorithm was much better than the conventional method. It had no image superposition and no distortion phenomenon. And the image resolution was much higher and the visual effect was also much better compared to the conventional one.
A light field imaging system based on electrically tunable nematic liquid crystal (LC)-micro lens array (MLA) is proposed. In this system, a LC-MLA is utilized to replace the conventional glass MLA. The LC-MLA has an advantage of electrically controlled without any mechanical movements. This feature could extend depth of field (DOF) of the LCMLA. In the measurements, the relationship between the external applied voltage and the focal length of the LC-MLA is discussed. The point spread function (PSF) of the LC-MLA is given. An interesting experiment for measuring the direction of the incident light is presented. Those measurements show that the proposed LC-MLA has greatly potential in light field imaging system.
In this paper, we will present a smart structure based on an electrically controlled liquid crystal (LC) Fabry-Perot to achieve terahertz (THz) filter, which has extremely potential in THz communication. This proposed structure doesn’t need any mechanical movements because of adapting LC as a key material to compose the Fabry-Perot device. The THz filter based on LC, which is smart, light and cheap, can be realized to solve that common problem of short of tunable devices in THz radiation. The chosen LC material is E7, which has very stable and good transmissions in THz range. Under the external applied voltage, the alignment of the nematic LC allows the refractive index of the device to be tuned. Because of this feature, the resonant peaks could be shifted by changing the applied voltage. Especially, when the alignment is changed from planar to phototropic, the maximum value of the shift could be realized. The simulation result of the proposed device could be got. And the optimal structural parameters could be also got. Numerical analyses results have shown that the proposed structure has a high narrow transmission band and very sharp edges. This THz filter is novel for compact and smart features, so this kind of proposed THz filter is very attractive in many applications, such as THz communication, and THz spectral imaging.
Based on a proposed electrically tunable liquid crystal (LC) micro-lens array (MLA) instead of a commonly used microlens array with fixed focal length in a conventional type, a new prototyped Shack-Hartmann sensor is reported. The LCMLA with 128 × 128 elements is fabricated by the methods of photolithography and hydrochloric acid etching. Composed of the proposed LC-MLA and a CCD, a new type Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor is got. This kind sensor can solve problems of the tradition wavefront sensor that the larger measurement range and high measurement accurate can't be realized by the same device. Except for adaptive switching the two working modes, this wavefront sensor also has a dual-mode imaging feature with obtaining wavefront information of the target and it's two-dimensional optical intensity image at the same time. In order to verify it's characteristics, an extreme experiment is designed, which introduces a distortion wavefront. At this circumstanc, the traditional wavefront sensor can't get anything. However, with proposed wavefront sensor, this situation can be solved by adjusting the applied voltage of LC-MLA to change it's focal length. With a reconstruction method, the three-dimensional information of the wavefront can be got. At the same time, the two-dimensional optical intensity image is also got. From the experiments, we can prove that it can effectively improve detection sensitivity and dynamic measurement range of wavefront. Results of the prototype demonstrated qualitatively verify this feasibility. This kind new type wavefront sensor will have a wide variety of applications in adaptive optics.
Collagen is the most prominent protein in the human body, making up 30% of the total protein content. Quantitative studies have shown structural differences between collagen fibers of the normal and diseased tissues, due to the remodeling of the extracellular matrix during the pathological process. The dominant orientation, which is an important characteristic of collagen fibers, has not been taken into consideration for quantitative collagen analysis. Based on the conventional gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) method, the authors proposed the orientation-dependent GLCM (OD-GLCM) method by estimating the dominant orientation of collagen fibers. The authors validated the utility of the OD-GLCM method on second harmonic generation (SHG) microscopic images of tendons from rats with different ages. Compared with conventional GLCM method, the authors' method has not only improved the discrimination between different tissues but also provided additional texture information of the orderliness of collagen fibers and the fiber size. The OD-GLCM method was further applied to the differentiation of the preliminary SHG images of normal and cancerous human pancreatic tissues. The combination of SHG microscopy and the OD-GLCM method might be helpful for the evaluation of diseases marked with abnormal collagen morphology.
The photoelectrical response properties of a linear high-temperature (high-Tc) superconducting sensor coupled with a refractive microlens array are investigated. The theoretical analysis and measurements demonstrate that the photoelectrical response uniformity of superconducting sensors is not always improved simultaneously with the enhancement of the common photoelectrical performances of superconducting sensors, such as the responsivity, the noise equivalent power, and the detectivity, after coupling cylinder microlenses with them. A linear 8-pixel high-Tc YBa2Cu3O7-δ superconducting thin film sensor and a quartz microlens array of 32×64, are designed and then fabricated and finally coupled for detection infrared radiation in the wavelength range of 1 to 5 μm. The superconducting sensors are characterized through a common measurement method.
A smart spectral imaging detection method based on the integration of an electrically tunable liquid-crystal Fabry-Pérot microstructure and a focal plane array is discussed. The layout of the spectral device is designed effectively and prototypes with working wavelengths in the range of 800 to 900 nm were fabricated using ultraviolet photolithography and wet etching. Measurements were carried out with careful analysis. Based on the results, this paper proposes a smart spectral imaging array device structure that can potentially obtain the image of many spectral bands simultaneously in one picture frame. Some key issues concerning such structures for imaging applications and calibration are discussed. Without any mechanical parts, this kind of spectral component exhibits some advantages such as low cost and compact integration.
In this paper GPU based data parallel technique is used to reduce calculating time in diffractive optics elements (DOE)
design. By using compute unified device architecture (CUDA) framework, comparison of acceleration radio of some
major methods using in DOE design, including Gerchberg Saxton algorithm for global optimization in conjunction with
Rayleigh-Sommerfeld diffractive integrating transformation, genetic algorithm with a finite-difference time-domain
method and simulated annealing algorithm, is made with demonstrational DOE-lens design, whose focal spot size is 0.5
μm, incident light wavelength is 650 nm, focal length is 3mm, DOE aperture size is 2mm.
A liquid crystal (LC) cylindrical lens array with electrically tunable focal length is proposed, which is first fabricated.
And its optical focusing characteristics are got in tests. The LC cylindrical lens array is driven by applied voltage. It
composes of two ITO glasses substrates and LC layer. The top electrode pattern is fabricated by the methods of
lithography and hydrochloric acid etching, which has 128×128 elements. Every element is a 60μm×200μm rectangle.
The 20μm-thickness-spacer is used to control the LC thickness. When the external electric field is applied, the LC
molecules begin to rotate. Then the gradient refractive index forms in the LC cell. The LC cylindrical lens array is a
convergent lens array. The parallel white light is used to test its optical characteristics. It comes to a conclusion that the
focal length of the LC cylindrical lens array and the external applied voltage has an inverse proportion relationship. The
range of the focal length is from 60μm to 450μm, when the applied voltage varies from 1.54 Vrms to 5.0 Vrms. And the
response time is up to sub-microsecond. The unique focusing phenomenon of LC cylindrical lens array is that the
focusing beams in the top and bottom of every element rectangle are like the image "V".
A liquid crystal lens with wide spectrum electrical tunable focal length is proposed. The top substrate coated indium tin oxide film with a hole of 2.0mm diameter is manipulated by techniques mainly consists of conventional ultraviolet lithography and hydrochloric acid etching. The bottom substrate glass coated ITO acts as another electrode. The nonuniform electric field appeared in the LC layer produces a gradient distribution of refractive index. The LC cell shows an optical lens property. The focal length of the LC lens is function of applied voltage, covering approximately 20mm-
480mm. In the focal length range, the LC lens maintains high optical quality. The transmissivity of the LC lens is above 80% from 500nm to 1100nm.
A new LC micro-lens array of 128×128 elements circular hole top electrode is proposed, which is fabricated by both the
lithography and HCL etching methods. Some valuable results are got in tests. The focal length of LC micro-lens array is
50μm~400μm under operating voltage from 0.2VRMS to 5.0VRMS. The lowest operating voltage of LC micro-lens array
is 0.2VRMS. The size of focus is about 10μm. And the PSF of LC micro-lens array is close to the theory values. The
optical multiple images which are got by LC micro-lens array are clear.
A smart spectral imaging detection method based on the integration of electrically tunable liquid-crystal(LC)
Fabry-Perot(FP) microstructure array is proposed. It has very broad application in many fields with advantages
of low cost, highly compact integration and working without mechanical part. The device can get hundreds of
spectral bands simultaneously in one frame of picture in theory. This paper proposes the structure of smart
spectral imaging array device, and analyses some key issues of liquid crystal Fabry-Perot structures for imaging
application and calibration. Prototypes of 4 × 4 LC-FP array with the cavity thickness ranging from 4 to 20
μm for the working wavelength in the range of 800~900nm, are made by lithography and wet etching. Test is
carried out and analysed.
The paper presents an electrically controlled terahertz (THz) band pass filter with liquid crystal (LC). Considering
dichroic filters theory, the filter of two-dimensional metallic photonic crystals is designed as a band pass filter in THz
wave band. Electric field is used to change the direction of LC molecules, so that refraction index of LC is changed and
correspondingly the peak transmissivity frequency of the THz band pass filter is changed finally. By this way mentioned
above electrically controlled THz band-pass filter with LC can be got. The peak transmissivity frequency of the
electrically controlled THz band-pass filter is tunable from 0.18THz to 0.19THz by changing electric field.
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