Holography has amassed increased attention over time, especially in direct recording using CCD arrays and numerical reconstruction. This surge is particularly notable in 3D imaging techniques like Digital holographic microscopy (DHM), which serves as a non-contact profilometric instrument for revealing the topography of microscopic objects. As for, multiangle digital holographic profilometry (MIDHP) combines DHM and multi-angle interferometry has a good ability to measure the profile of samples and solve the 2π ambiguity problem. Despite significant progress in MIDHP, challenges arise from computation inaccuracies or data deficiencies, especially in the presence of aberrations when acquiring sufficient information of high numerical aperture (NA) samples using the classical compensation method. To address this, we introduce spherical-wave illumination scanning digital holographic profilometry (SWS-DHP), which has proven to be effective in profiling high-NA objects. Since the classical aberration compensation proved inadequate in this case, this paper proposes a new aberration compensation method based on the propagation of object and illumination waves, automatically correcting aberrations within the entire 3D volume of the reconstruction. Our investigation employs a model-based approach, and the accuracy of this new method will be tested numerically and experimentally, particularly on high-NA and high-depth objects.
Digital holographic microscopy (DHM) is a non-contact, profilometric tool that allows obtaining microscopic object topography from captured holograms. However, the use of DHM is limited when the object under observation has a high gradient or is discontinuous. Multi-angle digital holographic profilometry (MIDHP) is an alternative solution for overcoming this limitation for measuring the topography with discontinuities. This method combines digital holography and multi-angle interferometry. The method requires a certain number of holograms that are processed into longitudinal scanning function (LSF). The topography of the object is recovered by finding the maxima of the LSF. MIDHP enables to enlarge the measurement range and provides a high axial resolution. This paper investigates MIDHP to measure surfaces with various (low and high) surface gradients. The calculations of LSF requires many Fourier Transforms (FT) and the computations are slow. In this paper, we improve LSF calculations by introducing two algorithms. The first algorithm reduces number of FT needed by applying summation in frequency domain. Second approach applies the method of 3D filtering, which improves the quality of the reconstructed shape. The introduced approaches are verified both numerically and experimentally.
The coding objective of image and video that are targeted for machine consumption may differ from that for human consumption. For example, machine may only use a part of image or video requested or required by an application whereas human consumption requires whole captured area of image and video. In addition, machine may require grayscale or certain light spectrum, whereas human consumption requires full visible light spectrum. To identify an object of interest, a neural network based image or video analysis task may be performed and the output of a task is an identified feature (latent) and an associated descriptor (inference). Depending on the usage, multiple tasks can be performed in parallel or in series, and as a number of identified feature increases, the chance of feature area overlap increases as well. We propose a pipeline of descriptor based video coding for machine for multi-task. The proposed method is expected to increase coding efficiency when multiple tasks are performed, by minimizing redundant encoding of overlapped area of objects of interest and to increase utilization and re-utilization of features by transmitting inference separately.
In this paper, a color holographic imaging solution using tabletop holographic display and synthetic aperture Fourier capture system is discussed. As a display, we utilize a tabletop prototype, which is based on temporal multiplexing method and two parabolic mirrors from our previous work. In order to provide the same perspective effect as looking at an object on a table, the wavefield of the tabletop display propagates from the hologram plane to a viewing window at 45° angle. A color capture system is implemented by optical path modification of synthetic aperture Fourier capture system using two tilting mirrors to record the same perspective view of the object as the display. The numerical processing path for three channel color hologram solution is presented including compensation of lateral RGB dimensions, propagation with sampling compensation, and binarization. To evaluate the proposed method, numerical and optical reconstructions are presented in the experimental results.
KEYWORDS: Holograms, Digital micromirror devices, Digital holography, Holography, Multiplexing, Binary data, 3D image reconstruction, LED displays, Speckle
In the paper we investigate hologram binarization method through time multiplexing based on histogram. In the proposed approach input object is divided into N components with equal total intensity distributions. Next, propagation and binarization procedure is employed for each component separately. Presented method is matched to DMD application since it modulates the input light simply by reflection. In the computer simulations the quality of the reconstructed holograms with the proposed method is compared with that of the threshold method for different reconstruction distances. Additionally, efficiency of the technique is verified experimentally during optical reconstructions performed in the holographic display with DMD and LED illumination.
The rainbow hologram provides observation of the reconstructed object with different spectra over different viewing position. Recently, we’ve proposed a concept of digital rainbow holographic display using diffraction grating and white LED lighting source. In the technique, the slit is implemented numerically by reducing the frequency of the hologram, while the rainbow effect is realized by dispersion of white light source on the diffraction grating. Phase only SLM with 4F imaging system is used for implementation of complex wave fields. For classical rainbow hologram, image blur is known to be very important key point regarding holographic image quality. In this paper, we analyze image blur and visual perception for digital rainbow holographic display. The quality of reconstructed rainbow holograms is investigated under varying viewing conditions regarding visual perception and depth resolution. In experiments, the visual properties of the digital rainbow hologram are analyzed using optical reconstructions for the hologram of 3D and 2D objects of different depth.
Space bandwidth product (SBP) is one of the most significant limitation for displaying the digital holographic display. Due to the SBP problem, the size and viewing angle of displayed holograms cannot be enlarged simultaneously. To overcome the SBP problem, holographic projection system has been researched. It uses a field lens to converge diffracted light from a spatial light modulator (SLM) into a viewing window, where the observer can see whole hologram image displayed on the SLM. However, it has a problem that the viewing distance between the display and observer cannot be controlled and fixed on the viewing window plane. We propose a method to control the position of viewing window formation in the holographic projection system by using an electrically focus tunable lens. We added the focus tunable lens in the holographic projection system, and the position of the viewing window can be controlled by its lens power variation. The principle of controlling viewing window in the proposed system is described, and the relationship among the optical power of focus tunable lens, location and size of the viewing window is analyzed. A computer generated hologram encoding based on Fresnel diffraction theory is developed to generate hologram contents for the proposed system with consideration of varying optical power of the focus tunable lens. Test-bed is built to verify the feasibility of the proposed method, and the experimental results confirm that the proposed method can effectively control the viewing window position of the holographic projection system.
In this paper, we use an optical method for the implementation of spatially-tiled digital micro-mirror devices (DMDs) to expand space bandwidth product in general digital holographic display systems. In concatenating more than two spatial light modulators (SLMs) optically, there may exist both phase discontinuity and amplitude mismatching of hologram images emanating from two adjacent SLMs. To observe and estimate those properties in digital holographic display systems, we adopt quantitative phase imaging technique based on transport of intensity equation.
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