Backward Brillouin scattering in whispering-gallery-mode micro-resonators offers an exciting avenue to pursue both classical and quantum optomechanics applications. Our team—the Quantum Measurement Lab—together with our collaborators, are currently utilizing this regime and the favourable properties it affords for non- Gaussian motional state preparation of the acoustic field. In particular, the high mechanical frequencies, and low optical absorption and heating provide a promising route to overcome current hindrances within optomechanics. Three of our recent experimental results in this area include: (i) Brillouin optomechanical strong coupling, (ii) single-phonon addition or subtraction to a thermal state of the acoustic field, and (iii) performing phase-space tomography of non-Gaussian states generated by single- and multi-phonon subtraction. This SPIE presentation will cover these three results, what they enable, and the broader direction of our lab including the prospects of this platform for quantum-memory applications.
Photonics is an effective platform for engineering quantum states of many photons that can be harnessed for applications in information processing tasks, ranging from secure communications to enhanced sensors to efficient simulation of physical or other systems. I will discuss recent developments and some challenges to achieving this promise. Building and measuring multi-photon quantum states suitable for these applications demands a means for them to interfere and for detection at the level of individual photons. Photonic integrated circuits are well suited to these tasks at a scale that is not possible by other means. Advances in the design and utilization of circuits and detectors enable quantum advantage, and indeed provide new opportunities for classical optical systems.
Quantum optomechanics with acoustic waves is an emerging new area within optomechanics with significant potential to engineer and utilize quantum states at a macroscopic scale. In this talk, a Brillouin optomechanical platform will be discussed that unites several favorable properties including high mechanical frequency (~ 10 GHz), very low optical loss and absorption, and back-scatter operation, thus offering a promising route to circumvent existing experimental challenges. Using this system, we (i) observe Brillouin optomechanical strong coupling between the optical cavity field and these high-frequency mechanical vibrations, which enables optical control at a rate that exceeds the system's decay rates, and (ii) perform heralded single-phonon addition and subtraction to a mechanical thermal state, which has the counterintuitive effect of approximately doubling the mean thermal occupation. Having both capabilities provides a powerful toolkit for quantum control with phonons.
For over a decade the field of quantum photonics has increasingly looked towards optical integrated platforms to perform more complex and sophisticated experiments. Silica integrated optics is an ideal material for this area, offering low propagation and fibre-coupling losses. To date many of the key on-chip experiments have been carried out in this platform, using bespoke monolithic devices. In this work we propose an alternative approach, implementing a linear network constructed from a number of identical reconfigurable modules. The modules are measured separately to produce an accurate model of the overall network. The cellular nature also allows the replacement of modules that are faulty or substandard. Each module comprises of an array of 10 Mach-Zhender interferometers. Forty thermo-optic phase shifters on each chip allows the control of both the amplitude and phase of the optical field within the devices. By cascading the modules any arbitrary NxN unitary network can be realised. The optical waveguides within the modules are fabricated by direct UV writing, where a scanning focused UV laser beam increases the local refractive index within a photosensitive germanosilicate glass layer. The resulting channel waveguides are engineered to have dimensions that are mode matched to standard optical fibre producing excellent coupling efficiency. Bragg gratings can also be simultaneously produced within the waveguides which greatly assists in the precise characterisation of the phase shifters, coupling ratios and optical losses within the modules. We will present our recent work in this area, demonstrating devices operating at telecom wavelengths for quantum information processing. We present a modular reconfigurable system for on-chip quantum optics experiments with excellent fibre compatibility and low propagation losses, implemented using direct-UV-written silica-on-silicon. The performance of fabricated devices in various configurations is reported.
Patrick Anderson, Florian Wiegandt, Daniel Treacher, Matthias Mang, Ilaria Gianani, Andrea Schiavi, David Lloyd, Kevin O'Keeffe, Simon Hooker, Ian Walmsley
A blind variant of digital holographic microscopy is presented that removes the requirement for a well-characterized, highly divergent reference beam. This is achieved by adopting an off-axis recording geometry where a sequence of holograms is recorded as the reference is tilted, and an iterative algorithm that estimates the amplitudes and phases of both beams while simultaneously enhancing the numerical aperture. Numerical simulations have demonstrated the accuracy and robustness of this approach when applied to the coherent imaging problem.
Single photons are a vital resource for optical quantum information processing. Efficient and deterministic single photon sources do not yet exist, however. To date, experimental demonstrations of quantum processing primitives have been implemented using non-deterministic sources combined with heralding and/or postselection. Unfortunately, even for eight photons, the data rates are already so low as to make most experiments impracticable. It is well known that quantum memories, capable of storing photons until they are needed, are a potential solution to this `scaling catastrophe'. Here, we analyze in detail the benefits of quantum memories for producing multiphoton states, showing how the production rates can be enhanced by many orders of magnitude. We identify the quantity $eta B$ as the most important figure of merit in this connection, where $eta$ and $B$ are the efficiency and time-bandwidth product of the memories, respectively. We go on to review our progress in implementing the most broadband memory to date, with $B<1000$, in room-temperature cesium vapour. We consider the noise properties for single photon storage and the integration of the memory using waveguides.
KEYWORDS: Single photon, Waveguides, Signal detection, Ferroelectric materials, Photodetectors, Luminescence, Quantum efficiency, Signal attenuation, Single photon detectors, Sensors
The reliable generation of true single-photon wavepackets with well-defined modal structure is a crucial ingredient for the realization of linear optical quantum computing. In this paper we present experimental results indicating the efficient generation of conditionally prepared single photons from parametric downconversion in a KTP nonlinear waveguide. In addition we present, theoretically and experimentally, a novel criterion for the assessment of conditional single photon sources which takes into account the contributions of heralded vacuum due to optical losses, of higher photon numbers and of the binary response of typical single photon detectors. Utilizing this criterion, we show that our KTP nonlinear waveguide represents a high fidelity source of conditionally prepared single photons.
We discuss two techniques for measuring space-time coupling in ultrashort pulses using spectral phase interferometry for direct electric-field reconstruction (SPIDER). The first technique, Spatially Encoded Arrangement for SPIDER (SEA SPIDER), requires reduced spectral resolution as compared to conventional SPIDER techniques and is therefore ideally suited for very large bandwidth pulses. In addition, this method results in a spatially resolved reconstruction of the temporal field and allows for the characterization of some types of space-time coupling. The second technique, Space Time SPIDER (ST SPIDER), couples spatial shearing and spectral shearing interferometry to fully characterize any arbitrary space-time field without assumptions about the ultrashort pulse or the type of coupling present. Experimental demonstrations of both techniques are presented.
We propose a novel design method for reflective nonimaging concentrators that is based on maximizing system performance beyond standard nonimaging metrics of transfer efficiency and proscribed illumination distribution. This new technique enables system operation characteristics to influence the algorithm, including nongeometrical parameters. This algorithm is termed non-edge-ray design (NERD) because we found that edge rays do not always give optimal illumination design. The case of a diode-pumped, Nd:YAG solid state laser is provided as a confirmation of the design utility. The pump-to-mode configuration, which includes a nonimaging pump cavity reflector, is the focus of this investigation. The merit function of the design process includes not only the transfer efficiency from an extended, 2-D laser diode array, but also the mode coupling of the absorption distribution within a laser rod to its desired output mode. Standard edge-ray design is shown to limit performance, with both numerical and experimental results. Two alternative pump cavity reflectors are developed and the improvements in the outputs from the lasers in TEM00 modes are presented. A periodic cavity sees over 8% improvement in optical efficiency at an output power of 10 W, while an averaging cavity provides nearly 5% improvement.
We implement the Bernstein-Vazirani algorithm on a 15-bit register encoding 215-1 elements using optics. The apparatus is efficient in that the physical size of the apparatus scales linearly with the size (i.e. number of digits) of the register. We demonstrate also that the algorithm may be performed not only without entanglement, as Meyer has indicated, but also with a computational basis that does not consist of orthogonal states, and that this coding is the source of the efficiency of the algorithm. This raises several questions: is this the only algorithm that makes use of these simplifying features, or do all quantum Oracles in fact require exponential resources for their construction?
We show theoretically and experimentally that a simple modification of the dynamic spectrogram may be used to characterize a stochastic ensemble of ultrashort optical pulses. The method makes use of the temporal analysis of spectral components to measure an intuitive spectrogram of the ensemble using a low order nonlinear technique. Pulse-shape reconstruction is demonstrated via an iterative inversion algorithm for an ensemble of identical input pulses. For pulses that are not identical, we measure for the first time a representation of the two-time correlation function of the pulsed field, using a non-iterative decorrelation procedure.
We extend the Frequency-Resolved Optical Gating (FROG) technique to the measurement of the time-dependent intensity and phase of arbitrary ultraweak ultrashort pulses. We accomplish this by combining FROG with spectral interferometry. Spectral interferometry (SI) yields the phase difference between an unknown and a known pulse (the latter characterized with FROG). SI is a linear-optical method and hence is very sensitive. We demonstrate the combination of these two techniques by measuring the intensity and phase of a train of pulses 42 zeptojoules in energy (1/5 of a photon per pulse).
We discuss the method of time-resolved spectral phase measurement (TRSPM) as a technique for complete characterization of the electric field of a short optical pulse. Several phase retrieval algorithms, both deterministic and iterative, are compared.
We formulate some general conditions concerning the applicability of linear interferometers to the measurement of the amplitude and phase of short optical pulses. In particular it is shown that any system that utilizes an integrating detector must also consist of time nonstationary filters. Two novel schemes that meet this criterion are illustrated.
The amplitude and phase of ultrashort optical pulses generated by modelocked lasers yield information about the physical mechanisms that shape the pulse inside the laser. The form of the electric field of pulses with a duration of several tens of femtoseconds can only be retrieved through indirect diagnostic techniques, however. A number of protocols for determining the pulse field envelope have been developed in the past several years and, in this paper, we discuss the application of two pulse measurement techniques, including a novel linear interferometric method, to the measurement of the pulses from a colliding pulse modelocked (CPM) dye laser and a self-modelocked Ti:Sapphire laser.
Solid-state diode pump lasers are placing new design criteria for intracavity electro-optics. Potassium titanyl phosphate (KTP) material properties and limitations for Q-switching and modelocking diode pumped systems are discussed. Specific applications include low jitter synchronization to an electronic reference (phase modulation) and high average power Q- switching and regenerative pulse amplification (amplitude modulation).
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