During the launch of the Soyuz rocket on December 18, 2020 at 15:26 Moscow time from the Vostochny cosmodrome, we carried out observations on a monochromatic all-sky imager at the Maimaga optical station. A KeoSentry camera with interference filters at 630.0 557.7 and 620.0 nm (continuum) was used for observations. The shooting mode was set with an exposure of 20 seconds with a full revolution of all filters in 1 minute. Thin clouds were noted during the observations. During the flight of the zenith rocket of the Maimaga station on the 630.0 nm channel, a luminous strip was registered along the flight path. Moreover, this glow was not observed on other channels. The intensity of this band at the zenith was ~ 25 Rayleighs. This strip existed for about 30 minutes until it was completely blown away by the wind from the camera's field of view to the east. According to estimates of the strip drift, the wind speed at the glow height was ~ 130 m/s. The diffusion rate was ~ 250 m/s.
Simple digital filtering is used for studying mesoscale variations of the rotational temperature of excited hydroxyl (OH*) at heights 85 – 90 km according to the data of spectral measurements at observatories Zvenigorod (56°N, 37°E.) in years 2004 – 2016, Tory (52°N, 103°E) in 2012 – 2017 and Maymaga (63°N, 130°E) in 2000 - 2015. Monthly-mean values and standard deviations of OH* temperature disturbances with periods 0.7 – 8 hr are determined, which may reflect the intensity of internal gravity waves in the mesopause region. The filtering of mesoscale variations was performed by calculating the differences between the measured values of OH* temperature separated with time intervals of 0.5 - 2 hr. Seasonal and interannual changes in the mesoscale variances of the temperature at the observational sites are studied.
This work presents the event of observing the SAR arc and proton auroras with the all-sky imager at the Maimaga station simultaneously with terrestrial and satellite registration of EMIC waves. It was shown that the narrow proton arc detected at the station’s zenith, equatorial to the wide proton band, is a consequence of ion cyclotron instability in the region of overlapping plasmapause by energetic protons.
Temperature data of the mesopause region, obtained for the period 1999-2016 at the Maimaga station (63.04°N, 129.51°E), were studied. Registration of spectra was carried out with the help of light-sensitive infrared spectrographs SP-50, recording the OH (6-2) band. The standard deviation of temperature σpw from its average monthly value after deduction of seasonal temperature course is accepted as a characteristic of planetary wave activity. There is a quasi two-year cycle of planetary wave activity. A correlation is observed between the activity of planetary waves and the F10.7cm index.
The analysis of the horizontal and vertical parameters of internal gravity waves (IGW), recorded by two different optical methods. The first instrument is a stratospheric lidar with the possibility of vertical tracking of waves up to 60 km, the second instrument is a digital all-sky camera with an infrared filter (OH), which identify the horizontal characteristics of IGW at an altitude of 86-87 km. This paper presents an analysis of several coincidence cases for the period 2006–2008, when the instruments operated simultaneously and IGW passages were detected. The investigation of the IGW parameters such as: vertical and horizontal wavelengths, periods, phase velocities and propagation directions was made.
The temperature data of the mesopause region obtained for the period 2013-2018 at the station Maimaga (63.04° N, 129.51° E) was investigated. During the winter period of the 2014–2015 observation season, the characteristic of the internal gravity waves (IGW) activity σgw has lower values than in other seasons, and the average night temperature of the mesopause region, on the contrary, exceeds corresponding values in other seasons. For comparison, satellite data of temperature profiles obtained by EOS MLS (Aura) are given. After isolating and subtracting the contribution of the gravitational component from the EOS MLS temperature profiles for the region above the Maimaga station, the difference in the winter stratopause of the 2014-2015 season is noticeable. During this season, the winter stratopause has lower temperatures than in other seasons, taking into account the deduction of the contribution of temperature fluctuations due to IGW.
Research of atmospheric gravitational waves on the observations of noctilucent clouds in the city of Yakutsk in the summer season of 2018 was carried out. The observations were made using a permanently installed Samsung Galaxy S4 / mini phone using the free program Time Lapse Creator. The shooting was carried out with an exposure of 2 seconds, every 2 minutes in the direction above the northern horizon. The rare case of observing such a wave structure of noctilucent clouds on July 26, when several waves of different lengths and intersecting directions of propagation are simultaneously observed, is analyzed. The main characteristics of the analysis of these gravitaty waves are given.
The temperature of the mesopause region (87 km) is monitored at the Maimaga station (63.04° N, 129.51° E) using the Shamrock (Andor) spectrograph recording the OH band (3, 1). The temperature data obtained for the seasons from 2013 to 2017 are investigated. Standard temperature deviations σgw corresponding to internal gravity waves are obtained. The seasonal variation of the gravitational component of standard deviations of temperature σgw observed at Maimaga station almost coincides for three observation seasons except for the 2014-2015 season. In this observation season, σgw has lower values in winter than in other seasons. In addition, in the 2014-2015 season, average monthly temperatures exceed similar values in other seasons.
Characteristics of spectrographs intended for measurement of radiation intensity of the OH (3-1) band and determination of the atmosphere temperature at a glow height by its rotational structure are presented. The Shamrock 303i spectrographs supplied by high-sensitive infrared InGaAs photodiode register of Andor Technolog company have been installed at the Maimaga (63 ° N, 129.5 ° E) and Tixie (71.5 ° N, 129 ° E) stations. The technique of measurement of the rotational temperature, estimation of casual and regular errors is described. The calibration measurements with two spectrographs at Majmaga station have shown that the difference of nightly average values of temperature does not exceed errors of measurement with the device.
The purpose of the study is to identify the features of the characteristics and dynamics of internal gravity waves (IGW) in the mesopause region of high latitudes. These waves play an important role in the thermodynamic balance of the atmosphere, thereby also in the formation of the climate. Also, due to the increase in the amplitude of these waves as they penetrate to higher altitudes, it becomes possible to detect them in the upper layers of the atmosphere. The short-period gravity waves by the images of two all-sky cameras, registered at different heights (~97кm and ~87кm) are detected. The first camera detects gravity waves in the visible region by emission of atomic oxygen (557,7 nm) at a height of 97 km. Second camera detects hydroxyl molecule emission in the near infrared region at a height of 87 km. Both cameras installed at Maymaga station (63°N, 129.5°E). To visualize and process the data of the all-sky cameras, a time differencing (TD) method was used. For gravitational waves with periods greater than the survey frequency, the TD-picture intensifies the contrast in areas where waves move, amplify or weaken. According to the cameras, horizontal characteristics of IGW (direction of propagation, velocity, period and wavelength) were obtained using the example of one night.
Research of the seasonal change of mesopause temperature at height of nightglow of hydroxyl excited molecules and its correlation with geomagnetic activity during the 23 solar cycle is presented. An infrared digital spectrograph installed at the Maimaga station (63°N, 129.5°E) measured P-branches of the OH(6-2) band. The rotational temperature of OH emission (TOH) is assumed to be equal to the neutral atmosphere temperature at the altitude of ~87 km. The database of TOH comprises 2864 nightly average temperatures obtained from August 1999 to May 2015 is considered. The observation starts at the beginning of August and ends in the middle of May. It was revealed that the maximum flux of radio emission from the Sun with a wavelength of 10.7 cm is 2 years ahead of the maximum of seasonally averaged temperature. Temperature is correlated with a change of Ap-index which is a measure of geomagnetic activity. Nightly mean TOH were grouped in accordance with the geomagnetic activity level: the temperatures measured during years with a high activity (Ap> 8), and low activity (Ap <= 8). It was found that the mesopause temperature from October to February is higher by a factor of about ·10 K than during years with low activity (Ap <= 8). There is no dependence of the TOH on the level of geomagnetic activity in autumn and spring.
A new infrared spectrograph with high temporal resolution for observation of OH band (3–1) emission dynamics is described. For the automated work of the spectrograph, special software was created. Remote control over the device is also configured.
Dynamics of seasonal variations in the amplitude of the VLF radio signal received in Yakutsk from the navigation station near Novosibirsk and the radiation intensity in the wavelength range from 835 to 853 nm, where the P-branches of the OH band (6-2) are located, is present. The radiation variations give information about mesopause region measured at the Maimaga station (130 km from Yakutsk). Observation period from 2009 to 2015 covers period with minimum and maximum solar activity (solar flux F10.7). In the seasonal dynamics of the VLF amplitude signals and the mesopause temperature are observed annual, semiannual and third-annual variations, increasing during nighttime for VLF signals. The mesopause temperature and the VLF signal increase with increasing solar flux F10.7 in winter.
The report presents a comparison of the rotational temperatures of OH band (3, 1) at an altitude of about 87 km measured by two spectrographs installed at the optical stations: Maimaga (63.04 ° N, 129.51 ° E), which is located 120 kilometers north of Yakutsk and Tiksi (71.6 ° N, 128.7 ° E).
The analysis of changes in temperature of mesopause region based on fluctuation measurements of rotational temperature and intensity of molecular emission of hydroxyl OH (6,2) excited at ~87 km altitude is presented. Observations were carried out at the Maimaga station (63°N, 129.5°E), at a distance of 150 km to the north from Yakutsk. Parameters of seasonal variation was defined based on the data received from 1999 to 2015. Measurements were conducted with a digital infrared spectrograph. The temperature was determined from the distribution of the emission intensity in the different branches of the molecular hydroxyl band. Data from the radiometer SABER v.2.0 installed on the satellite NASA TIMED was used in the research. 2320 midnight temperature values of hydroxyl OH (6,2) suitable for determining the parameters of the seasonal variation were obtained at the Maimaga station over 16 years of measurements. The seasonal temperature variations of mesopause region were investigated in the form of annual, semiannual and a terannual component. Annual harmonic variations range from 18.2K to 64.7K, and the semiannual harmonics range from 6.8K to 26.6K. The dependence of the annual and semiannual harmonics from the solar activity was detected. Probably the dependence indicates a strengthening of the circulation of the upper atmosphere during periods of maximum solar activity.
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