Combining planar optics such as metalenses or metacorrectors with conventional lenses can drastically improve the optical performance of imaging systems with additional benefits such as cost, size and weight improvements. However, incorporating metacorrectors into conventional lens design requires multiscale simulations to account for the different length scale interactions. Namely, full wave scattering and geometric optics analysis is needed for the metacorrector and hybrid lens design, respectively. Multiscale inverse optimization using Sandia National Laboratories’ MIRaGE along with different wave propagation techniques and commercial-off-the-shelf GO tools are considered to accurately predict hybrid design optical performance.
Quantum computing fundamentally depends on the ability to concurrently entangle and individually address/control a large number of qubits. In general, the primary inhibitors of large scale entanglement are qubit dependent; for example inhomogeneity in quantum dots, spectral crowding brought about by proximity-based entanglement in ions, weak interactions of neutral atoms, and the fabrication tolerances in the case of Si-vacancies or SQUIDs. We propose an inherently scalable solid-state qubit system with individually addressable qubits based on the coupling of a phonon with an acceptor impurity in a high-Q Phononic Crystal resonant cavity.
Due to their unique nonlinear properties, phonons enable new opportunities for quantum devices and physics. We present a phononic crystal-based platform for observing the phonon analogy of cavity quantum electrodynamics, called phonodynamics, in a solid-state system. Practical schemes involve selective placement of a single acceptor atom in the peak of the strain field in a high-Q phononic crystal cavity that enables strong coupling of the phonon modes to the energy levels of the atom. A qubit is then created by entangling a phonon at the resonance frequency of the cavity with the atomic acceptor states. We show theoretical optimization of the cavity design and excitation waveguides, along with estimated performance figures of the phoniton system. Qubits based on this half-sound, half-matter quasi-particle, may outcompete other quantum architectures in terms of combined emission rate, coherence lifetime, and fabrication demands.
We review the physics of photon-phonon coupling in guided wave systems, and discuss new opportunities for
information transduction aorded by nanoscale connement of light and phonons within a novel class of optome-
chanical waveguide systems. We present a fundamental analysis of optical forces generated through nanoscale
light-matter interactions, and use these insights to develop new approaches for broadband signal processing via
optomechanics. Recent experimental results will also be discussed.
Phononic crystals (PnCs) are acoustic devices composed of a periodic arrangement of scattering centers embedded in a homogeneous background matrix with a lattice spacing on the order of the acoustic wavelength. When properly designed, a superposition of Bragg and Mie resonant scattering in the crystal results in the opening of a frequency gap over which there can be no propagation of elastic waves in the crystal, regardless of direction. In a fashion reminiscent of photonic lattices, PnC patterning results in a controllable redistribution of the phononic density of states. This property makes PnCs a particularly attractive platform for manipulating phonon propagation. In this communication, we discuss the profound physical implications this has on the creation of novel thermal phenomena, including the alteration of the heat capacity and thermal conductivity of materials, resulting in high-ZT materials and highly-efficient thermoelectric cooling and energy harvesting.
Photonic crystals (PhC) are artificial structures fabricated with a periodicity in the dielectric function. This periodic
electromagnetic potential results in creation of energy bandgaps where photon propagation is prohibited. PhC structures
have promising use in thermal applications if optimized to operate at specific thermal emission spectrum. Here, novel
utilization of optimized PhC's in thermal applications is presented. We demonstrate through numerical simulation the
modification of the thermal emission spectrum by a metallic photonic crystal (PhC) to create high-efficiency
multispectral thermal emitters. These emitters funnel radiation from a broad emission spectrum associated with a Plancklike
distribution into a prescribed narrow emission band. A detailed quantitative evaluation of the spectral and power
efficiencies of a PhC thermal emitter and its portability across infrared (IR) spectral bands are provided. We show an
optimized tungsten PhC with a predominant narrow-band emission profile with an emitter efficiency that is more than
double that of an ideal blackbody and ~65-75% more power-efficiency across the IR spectrum. We also report on using
optimal three-dimensional Lincoln log photonic crystal (LL-PhC) emitters for thermophotovoltaic (TPV) generation as
opposed to using a passive filtering approach to truncate the broadband thermal source emission to match the bandgap of
a photovoltaic (PV) cell. The emitter performance is optimized for the 1-2μm PV band using different PhC materials,
specifically copper, silver and gold. The use of the proposed PhC in TPV devices can produce significant energy savings
not reported before. The optimal design of the PhC geometry is obtained by implementing a variety of optimization
methods integrated with artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms.
Cyan Systems is developing a new Extremely High Temperature Projector System Technology (XTEMPS). The XTEMPS is a multispectral emitter array based upon photonic crystals, providing high radiance and tailored spectral emission in infrared (IR) bands of interest. Cyan has teamed with a state of the art MEMS fabrication facility, Sandia National Laboratories, to develop metallic photonics crystals designed for scene projection systems. Photonic crystals have improved output power efficiency when compared to broad band "graybody" emitters due to limiting the emission to narrow bands. Photonic crystal based emitter pixels have potential for higher effective radiance output, while filtering out energy in the forbidden bandgap. Cyan has developed pixel designs using a medium format RIIC from Nova Sensors that ensures high apparent output temperatures with modest drive currents, and low voltage requirement goals of < 5 V. Cyan has developed a pixel structure for high radiative efficiency of the photonic lattice, while suppressing undesired IR sidelobes. Cyan will provide XTEMPS system performance metrics and illustrate with test structures.
We describe various three dimensional photonic crystals fabricated from two methods - step-and-repeat projection
lithography and multi level electron beam direct write - with bandgap in the optical frequency for potential sensor
application. The tungsten woodpile lattice fabricated with step-and-repeat photolithography exhibits a thermal emission
peak centered at ~ 2μm wavelength with less than 30% peak emission for wavelengths > 4 μm. The tungsten photonic
crystal has also been investigated for application as a damage sensor in structures under mechanical stress. Using a
multilevel electron beam direct write, we have fabricated prototype woodpile lattices of nano crystalline silicon,
amorphous silicon, gold and titanium oxide. The 4 layer silicon woodpile PC exhibits a stop band centered at 1.5 μm as
measured by micro reflectance and transmission spectroscopy. We have also introduced line and point defects in the 5th
layer of a 9 layer amorphous silicon lattice, in order to explore them as sensor structures. We also fabricated a 4 layer Au
woodpile lattice which shows broad high reflectivity at longer wavelengths with a sharp roll off near 1.5 μm.
The LIGA microfabrication technique offers a unique method for fabricating 3-dimensional photonic lattices based on the Iowa State "logpile" structure. These structures represent the [111] orientation of the [100] logpile structures previously demonstrated by Sandia National Laboratories. The novelty to this approach is the single step process that does not require any alignment. The mask and substrate are fixed to one another and exposed twice from different angles using a synchrotron light source. The first exposure patterns the resist at an angle of 45 degrees normal to the substrate with a rotation of 8 degrees. The second exposure requires a 180 degree rotation about the normal of the mask and substrate. The resulting pattern is a vertically oriented logpile pattern that is rotated slightly off axis. The exposed PMMA is developed in a single step to produce an inverse lattice structure. This mold is filled with electroplated gold and stripped away to create a usable gold photonic crystal. Tilted logpiles demonstrate band characteristics very similar to those observed from [100] logpiles. Reflectivity tests show a band edge around 5 μm and compare well with numerical simulations.
We have designed, fabricated, and tested large sheets of photonic bandgap (PBG) material that have a "cubic array of cubes" structure. Structures with bandgaps in two wavebands have been fabricated: the thermal IR (8-12μm) and the visible/near IR (0.6-2.5μm). A thermal-IR PBG can modify the emission properties of structures for temperature control. Visible/near-IR PBGs can be used in photonic circuits and can improve illumination efficiency.
Photonic crystals (PC) are artificially fabricated crystals with a periodicity in the dielectric function. These crystals have the novel ability to mold and control light in three dimensions by opening a frequency region (bandgap) in which light is forbidden to propagate. We demonstrate using a simulation model that a photonic crystal sensor attached to a composite substrate will experience a significant change in its bandgap profile when damage is induced in the composite substrate. The frequency response of the photonic crystal sensor is modeled using the finite difference time domain (FDTD) method. A damage metric using principles of fuzzy pattern recognition is developed to evaluate and quantify the change in the frequency response in relation to the induced damage. Results for different damage scenarios are examined and reported with significantly high success rate. Successful developments of photonic crystal sensors will allow damage identification at scales not attainable using current sensing technologies.
Photonic bandgap materials (PBM) are synthetic materials that artificially manufactured at the nano-scale to control light propagation. These crystals have the ability to control light propagation in three dimensions by opening a frequency gap in which light is forbidden to propagate. When light is reflected by a nano photonic (NP) crystal a spectral signature that is directly related to its crystalline structure periodicity can be observed. It is suggested here that microscale damage in a substrate attached to the NP sensor might result in a significant change in the spectral signature of the NP sensor, hence allowing for micro-scale damage detection and quantification.
To demonstrate the use of sensors for microdamage detection in structural materials an integrated numerical modelling approach was used. The approach augments two numerical methods to simulate the effect of microdamage in the material substrate on the spectrum signature of NPC sensors. First, the finite element method (FEM) was used to simulate structural response of the NP sensor under strain induced in the substrate with and without substrate damage. Second, the results of the finite element analysis were used as inputs to simulate the optical response of the NP sensors using the finite difference time domain method (FDTD). The integrated numerical approach was applied to a wood pile NP sensor attached to a silicon substrate. The numerical analysis showed promising results. Changes in the NP spectral signatures due microdamage in the silicon substrate were successfully identified.
Photonic crystals (PC) are artificially fabricated crystals with a periodicity in the dielectric function. The spectral signature of such crystals is intricately tied to their underlying crystal lattice structural parameters. A result of this is that significant spectral changes can occur if damage is induced in the photonic crystal. In this work we present preliminary experimental results that demonstrate the possible use of photonic crystals as sensors for the detection, quantification and diagnosis of sub-micron damage. The experimentally observed variation in the reflection spectra of the photonic crystals is related to the damage induced in the material. A novel damage metric, based on principles of fuzzy pattern recognition, is introduced and is used to identify and quantify micro-damage in the photonic crystal. The corresponding damage metric is also presented and discussed. The detailed fabrication steps, as well as the advantages and limitations of this new approach are also addressed. It is concluded that photonic crystals can be successfully used for micro-damage quantification.
MEMS silicon (Si) micro-bridge elements, with photonic band gap (PBG) modified surfaces are exploited for narrow-band spectral tuning in the infrared wavelength regime. Thermally isolated, uniformly heated single crystal Si micro-heaters would otherwise provide gray-body emission, in accordance with Planck's distribution function. The introduction of an artificial dielectric periodicity in the Si, with a surface, vapor-deposited gold (Au) metal film, governs the photonic frequency spectrum of permitted propagation, which then couples with surface plasmon states at the metal surface. Narrow band spectral tuning was accomplished through control of symmetry and lattice spacing of the PBG patterns. Transfer matrix calculations were used to model the frequency dependence of reflectance for several lattice spacings. Theoretical predictions that showed narrow-band reflectance at relevant wavelengths for gas sensing and detection were then compared to measured reflectance spectra from processed devices. Narrow band infrared emission was confirmed on both conductively heated and electrically driven devices.
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