Based on multiyear (2007-2022) model MERRA-2 reanalysis data, we analyze the seasonal variations in the content of absorbing substance (black carbon) in Eurasian sector of the Arctic Ocean. Average concentrations of black carbon over six Arctic seas (from the Greenland to Chukchi Sea) are presented for different months. We discuss the specific features of latitudinal and longitudinal distribution of the black carbon concentrations in separate periods of the year. It is noted that model data show no winter-spring maximum and overestimate the summertime concentrations in the Asian sector of the Arctic Ocean.
Differences and similarities of the chemical composition (ions, trace elements, PAHs) of the driven atmospheric aerosol collected in the autumn period of 2022 along the routes 89th and 90th cruises of the R/V "Akademik Mstislav Keldysh" in the Kara Sea area were revealed. (RSF) № 21-77-20025.
We discuss how the Arctic atmosphere is affected by the long-range transports of continental aerosol: smokes from forest fires, associated gas combustion products, and anthropogenic pollutants. The analysis was carried out using measurements of the aerosol optical depth of the atmosphere and the aerosol and black carbon concentrations in 15 marine expeditions. Data from trajectory analysis of air mass motion, satellite maps of thermal anomalies, and coordinates of the main sources of anthropogenic emissions were used to identify the sources of the strongest pollutions of the Arctic atmosphere. We present the statistical estimates of the relative contributions from three types of continental pollutants into the atmosphere of the Eurasian sector of the Arctic Ocean.
Based on multiyear (2007-2022) MERRA-2 reanalysis data, we discuss the specific features of the average spatial distribution of absorbing substance (black carbon еВС) in aerosol composition in Eurasian sector of the Arctic. Main attention is devoted to the spatial distribution of the concentrations еВС in the period of expedition measurements (July- October). It is noted that outflows of smokes from massive forest fires in Siberia influence markedly the spatial distribution of еВС in Arctic regions. We present statistical characteristics of the concentrations еВС for six Arctic seas (from the Greenland to Chukchi Sea) and four regions of Northern Eurasia. Latitudinal variations in the concentrations еВС over separate seas are estimated. The model (MERRA-2) calculations are compared with actual multiyear measurements of black carbon concentrations in marine expeditions.
We discuss the specific features of the spatiotemporal variations in aerosol characteristics in the Arctic atmosphere on the routes of 89th and 90th cruises of RV Akademik Mstislav Keldysh (September – November 2022). We present the average (over the period of expeditions) values of the studied characteristics: the aerosol optical depth of the atmosphere, the aerosol and black carbon concentrations, as well as the chemical composition of aerosol samples, i.e., the concentrations of the main elements, the concentrations of organic and elemental carbon, and the isotopic composition of carbon. Based on multiyear (2013-2022) data from expedition measurements, we present the results from a statistical generalization of aerosol characteristics for the atmosphere of the Kara Sea and southern part of the Barents Sea.
We discuss the statistical estimates of how continental outflows influence the aerosol characteristics over the Arctic Ocean using data from marine expeditions over the last 15 years. The analysis was performed based on elevated values of the aerosol optical depth of the atmosphere and mass concentration of absorbing substance in the equivalent of black carbon. The data from trajectory analysis of air mass motion, satellite maps of the temperature anomalies were used to identify the types of the sources of continental aerosol and to systematize them into separate groups.
The results of measurements of the organic and elemental carbon concentration, the carbon isotope composition in atmospheric aerosol samples collected during the marine expeditions – the 83rd and 84th cruises of the RV Akademik Mstislav Keldysh are presented in this paper. The measurements were carried out from June to August 2021 mainly in the waters of the Kara Sea (83rd cruise) and Barents Sea (84th cruise). It is shown that the aerosol in the northern part of the Barents Sea is formed due to anthropogenic and natural sources, while the background aerosol prevails over the Kara Sea.
In this work, we present the measurements of the concentration of elemental composition of aerosol in the North Atlantic and at the polar station “Cape Baranov” (Severnaya Zemlya Archipelago). Based on the measurements of the elemental composition, performed in summer season (June-August) of 2019-2021, we can make a conclusion about the sources of aerosol production in the European and Asian parts of the Arctic region in this period of time. Aerosol in the atmosphere of the northern part of the Barents Sea is mainly formed due to mixed (anthropogenic and natural marine) sources; while the atmosphere of the Asian part of the Arctic basin is dominated by aerosol formed by continental sources.
The results of 25-year measurements of the aerosol optical depth of the atmosphere (AOD) at Mirny observatory (Antarctica) are discussed. It is shown that the annual average AOD values in 1996 – 2020 are characterized by statistically significant oscillation with a period of 5 years. The AOT variability is compared with the Antarctic oscillation index and the frequency of occurrence of the three main types of atmospheric circulation in the South Polar Region.
We discuss the measurements of aerosol characteristics (aerosol and black carbon concentrations and aerosol optical depth) in 80th cruise of RV Akademik Mstislav Keldysh (August 2020) on the route from the Baltic to Barents Sea. We compare them with results from two previous expeditions (67th and 71st cruises of RV Akademik Mstislav Keldysh) and statistically generalize the data from three marine regions. The average aerosol and black carbon concentrations over the Baltic and North Seas are shown to be a factor of 2-3 larger than over the Arctic seas, i.e., Barents and Norwegian Seas. No significant differences between aerosol characteristics over Arctic seas are revealed. We discuss the average latitude-longitude distributions of aerosol characteristics, calculated on the basis of expedition measurements and MERRA-2 reanalysis data.
We discuss the measurements of black carbon concentrations in the composition of atmospheric aerosol over seas of the North Atlantic and European sector of the Arctic Ocean (21 expeditions). A comparative analysis of statistical characteristics, calculated for separate marine regions, is carried out. A higher black carbon content in the atmosphere of the North Sea and in the south of the Barents Sea is noted. We present estimates of the average latitude-longitude distribution of aerosol characteristics, measured in expeditions, in comparison with MERRA-2 reanalysis data.
We discuss the measurements of aerosol optical depth (AOD) of the atmosphere and aerosol (NA) and black carbon (MBC) concentrations in 2018-2019 at two Arctic stations: Barentsburg (Archipelago Spitsbergen) and “Cape Baranov” (Archipelago Severnaya Zemlya). The average aerosol characteristics at “Cape Baranov” had been: AOD (0.5 μm) = 0.11, NA= 5.24 cm-3, MBC = 47 ng/m3 in 2019; and AOD (0.5 μm) = 0.07, MBC= 68 ng/m3 in 2018. The aerosol characteristics in Barentsburg, on the average, have larger values: AOD (0.5 μm) = 0.12, NA= 6.09 cm-3, MBC = 91 ng/m3 in 2019; and AOD (0.5 μm) = 0.087, NA = 6.54 cm-3, MBC= 109 ng/m3 in 2018.
We discuss the results from analysis of seasonal and interannual variations in aerosol optical depth (AOD) of the atmosphere, using observations in 2011-2019 at the polar station Barentsburg (Spitsbergen Archipelago). The multiyear average values had been 0.091 for АОD (0.5 µm) and 1.28 for Ångström exponent. Fine-mode aerosol makes the major contribution (77%) to AOD and its variations. Summertime AOD maximum in July-August developed in the seasonal behavior in addition to springtime maximum. The summertime maximum is attributed to outflows, more frequent in recent years, of smokes from forest fires in boreal zone to the Arctic atmosphere. The interannual variations in AOD are, too, mainly determined by the frequency and intensity of outflows of smoke aerosol. The annually average values of AOD (0.5 μm) varied from 0.069 in 2013 to 0.116 in 2019.
Results of multiyear (2011-2017) aerosol monitoring were used to compare the spectral aerosol optical depths (AOD) of the atmosphere, measured with different sun photometers at three Arctic stations on Spitsbergen Archipelago: Hornsund, Barentsburg, Ny-Ålesund. In addition to agreement of data in three regions, we also found that AOD in Barentsburg slightly (comparable to error) exceeds those from other stations located 110-120 km away. The AOD discrepancy is more pronounced in the shortwave part of the spectrum, indicating more abundant fine-mode aerosol in Barentsburg.
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