Electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI) is combined with digital speckle photography (DSP) to measure out-of-plane deformation in the presence of large in-plane translation or rotation. ESPI is used to measure out-of-plane displacements smaller than the speckle diameter. In-plane displacements larger than the speckle size are obtained by DSP using artifacts images computed from the phase-stepped specklegrams. Previous works use the specklegram modulation for that purpose, but we show that this can lead to errors in the case of low modulation. In order to avoid this, a simple averaging of phase-stepped specklegrams allows obtaining the average irradiance, which contains information on the speckled object image. The latter can be used more efficiently than the modulation in DSP and is simpler to compute. We also perform a numerical simulation of specklegrams, which show that the use of background terms is much more stable against some error sources as compared to modulation. We show experimental evidence of this in various experiments combining out-of-plane ESPI measurements with in-plane translations or rotations obtained by our DSP method. The latter has been used efficiently to restore phase loss in out-of-plane ESPI measurements due to large in-plane displacements.
We report the recording of nearly 35% diffraction efficiency holograms of photorefractive nature in Bi2TeO5 crystals, using 633 nm wavelength laser beams. Holographic techniques showed that a slow and a fast holograms arise, the latter based on electrons and the former based on positively charged carriers. We also measured the quantum efficiency for photoelectron generation and the characteristic diffusion (LD) and Debye (ls) lengths of these holograms and verified that LD and ls are modified as the light intensity onto the crystal increases, in agreement with previously reported theoretical prediction and experimental results but on other photorefractive material.
We report the selective erasure of a previously recorded 100% diffraction efficiency grating in a photorefractive lithium niobate crystal. Both the recording and the selective erasure are carried out using self-stabilized holographic recording techniques. The recording and the erasure are shown to be in excellent agreement with the proposed corresponding theoretical model. After erasure, a grating of less than 5% diffraction efficiency remains in place. Almost no sensible light scattering was detected.
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