This paper reports a methodology for the design of a segment transmitter for indoor spaces based on optical fibers with different geometric parameters. The segment transmitter made this way aims to simulate the characteristics of a typical VLC transmitter. The article deals with the possibilities of using optical fibers with the possibilities of lighting and communication using the visible spectrum. Design options are studied using a 3D software model, which is then verified using real measurements. A POF (Plastic Optical Fiber) with a large numerical aperture and a core diameter of 550 μm is used to construct the segment transmitter.
Traffic monitoring is the subject of scientific publications and technical solutions, primarily due to the need to optimize and increase traffic safety. There are many systems that can determine direction, velocity, or make vehicle classifications. These can be, for example, traditional camera systems, laser gates, LIDAR scanning, pneumatic sensors, or induction loops. A non-traditional approach is the use of optical fibers as a traffic sensor. Optical fiber sensors use different technologies, one of them being sensors that evaluate the phase change of light (interferometers). The enormous sensitivity of these sensors combined with electromagnetic inertia are promising parameters for deploying system in areas that may be disturbed by magnetic fields or require special security requirements. The focus of this research is an optical fiber sensor based on the Michelson interferometer. The paper deals with the sensitivity of the measuring arm when changing its arrangement. Different configurations of the measuring fiber arrangement in relation to the objects to be monitored lead to the construction of a monitoring system with properties useful for direction monitoring and velocity measurement. This paper deals with the asymmetric configuration of the measuring arm of an optical fiber interferometer. Experiments in outdoor vehicular traffic conditions together with frequency spectrum analysis investigate the usability of the measurement system. The system itself can be extended to classify the measured objects by analyzing the amplitude frequency spectrum and using machine learning.
Optical fibers have many uses and in addition to communications applications for example in fiber-optic sensor applications. The area of pressure and vibration measurement is one of the many fields of applicability of optical fibers too. Very often, the fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) is also used for medical applications. This paper describes our alternative approach to addressing this issue, based on standard optical fibers, special optical connections, PDMS-based products, and other materials. It is known that the vibrations of some machines can negatively affect the human body. The vibration detector created by us can find a use for indicative measurement of these negative vibrations of machines, especially in the frequency range up to about 100 Hz.
This paper deals with methods for processing signals from an optical interferometer to monitor vital signs (Respiration Rate and Heart Rate). Optical interferometer signals are contaminated by variety of technical and biological artifacts (motion artifacts, hospital/patient-generated noise, etc.). Tested optical sensors are very sensitive, it therefore crucial to reduce such unwanted signals. In this article, a complex application for processing the signals from optical interferometer based on virtual instrumentation was developed. The experiments were conducted on data sensed by optical interferometer using a National Instruments card NI USB-6216 BNC and application in the LabVIEW environment. Frequency selective filters were tested in the experiments. The results obtained by using optical interferometer were statistically compared with the ECG and PCG reference. According to the results, optical interferometers are able to measure both the Respiration and Heart Rate under the given conditions. Unfortunately, the measurement is very difficult to replicate in the hospital environment, which is the primary reason why these methods are not used in clinical practice.
The team of authors focused on analyzing of using fiber-optic sensor based on Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) for the monitoring of heart rate (HR) of long-term ill patients with a minimum of physical movement load. During all experiments, test subjects were asked to simulate their natural behavior in the most accurate way (for instance, the focus was on the use of fine motor skills - not only movements of hands and arms, legs, and feet, coughing, changes in body positions, but also walking). All these external aspects are taken into account in the bellow-described results of the probe efficiency and show that it is very necessary to know the impact of these artifacts for the determine the heart rate of the human body. Final results were discussed with the senior doctor of the long-term care department.
This article focuses on the sensitivity of encapsulated interferometric probes. These probes are used mainly for BioMed and security applications. Fiber-optic sensors are interesting for these applications, as they are resistant to electromagnetic interference (EMI) and that also do not affect the surrounding medical and security equipment. Using a loop of the optical fiber with is not a suitable for these measurements. The optical fiber should be fixed to one position, and should not significantly bend. For these reasons, the optical fiber is encapsulated. Furthermore, it is necessary that the encapsulated measuring probes were flexible, inert, water resistant and not toxic. Fiber-optic sensors shouldn't be magnetically active, so they can be used for example, in magnetic resonance environments (MR). Probes meeting these requirements can be widely used in health care and security applications. Encapsulation of interferometric measuring arm brings changes in susceptibility of measurements in comparison with the optical fiber without encapsulation. To evaluate the properties of the encapsulated probes, series of probes made from different materials for encapsulation was generated, using two types of optical fibers with various degrees of protection. Comparison of the sensitivity of different encapsulated probes was performed using a series of measurements at various frequencies. The measurement results are statistically compared in the article and commented. Given the desired properties polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) polymer has been proven the most interesting encapsulating material for further research.
Authors of this article present the fiber-optic system based on fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) which are used to secure the entrance areas such as buildings, halls, warehouses, etc. The system uses the specially encapsulated sensory array of fiber Bragg gratings which are implemented into the floor or on the floor and allows for monitoring the area of 1 m2 up to 100 m2 depending on the number of FBG sensors. The sensory array is characterized by immunity to electromagnetic interference (EMI), passivity regarding electrical power supply, the possibility of remote evaluation (up to units of km) and high sensitivity. Proposed sensor system has detection capability greater than 99 % and furthermore, provides information about the weight load to an accuracy of ± 5 kg. The concept has been tested in a real environment within the test polygon for several weeks. As the reference devices, we used the CCTV (Closed Circuit Television).
This article discusses the topic of the monitoring of the operating condition of the pressing machines. In the process of pressing there are a large acting of the forces of the press machine on the machined material. It is accompanied by an expression of deformation of parts of the pressing machines. Knowledge about the resulting loading is important for the final product quality and durability of these machines. In the case of multi-columned presses is important even load distribution among the individual columns. For this reason, it is necessary to monitor the load of the hydraulic pistons. Conventional approaches of load monitoring utilize piezoelectric sensors and strain gauges, which are sensitive to electromagnetic interference, require electrical power, subject to corrosion and action of moisture. A suitable alternative is the fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) sensors, that those failures have. Their use for load monitoring production presses have been verified by the real measurement on a four-post hydraulic press ALPHA 4 from the company FORM + TEST Seidner. For measurements were used the FBG sensors and classic foil strain gauges (reference). Real measurement was performed during a load of press in the range from 0 to 2000 kN with a step of 500 kN.
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) has good optical properties, and its composition offers the possibility of use in many applications (industry, security device, medicine applications and etc.). We focused on the alternative option of temperature measurement in this article. Our approach is based on measuring changes of chromaticity correlated temperature corresponding to changes in temperature. Described device uses an optical fiber with a defined layer of PDMS and luminophore and we assume that it can find use also in the field of security. The article describes the process of making the prototype of the device and its verification based on laboratory results. The measured temperature depends mainly on the type of optical fiber and the measured temperature range is determined by the thermal resistance of used optical fiber. Using a calibration measurement can determine the value of temperature with an accuracy of ± 2,5 %.
The authors of this article focused on the issue of measurement of the chromaticity temperature of proposed bulbs made from polydimethylsiloxane, depending on the temperature of proposed bulbs. The advantage of this solution is the immunity to electromagnetic interference (EMI) and the ability to use, for example in dangerous environments (such as mines, factories, etc.). For the realization of incandescent bulbs was used transparent two-component elastomer Sylgard 184. A mixture of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and a curing agent in a defined ratio (10:1) and admixture with garnet phosphor YAG: Ce was cured in the temperature box at temperature 90°C ± 3°C in the shape of the bulbs. All experiments were realized with eight different weight ratios of phosphor and Sylgard 184. Optical power (5 W) from a laser with a wavelength of 455 nm was fed to the proposed bulbs using the cylindrical waveguide of polydimethylsiloxane with a diameter of 5 mm. Chromaticity temperature was measured by two temperature sensors for 12h. The outcome of this study is the evaluation of the chromaticity temperature of output light depending on temperature variations of proposed bulbs due to the conversion of optical power into heat.
The article describes a method for fabrication of polymer optical micro-lenses using polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) at the end of optical fibers. PDMS is an optically clear substance having a refractive index very similar to the optical fibers. Therefore it is an interesting material for optical purposes. PDMS is characterized by resistance to electromagnetic interference (EMI), enabling the use in electromagnetically noisy environments. These lenses could be used for example for the security applications. For the manufacture of the micro-lenses is used Sylgard silicone elastomer 184. When applied to the end of conventional optical fiber is cured by treatment at 100 °C ± 5 °C. Authors performed a series of experimental measurements. The optical characteristics of the treated fibers compared with conventional fibers without micro-lenses. The fibers provided with optical lenses made of PDMS may be used for security applications, in the visible light communication (VLC) or as a microprobe.
Authors of this article focused on the analysis of the influence location of the fiber-optic sensor on the measurement and determination the heart rate of the human body. The sensor uses a Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) and is encapsulated in the polymer polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). The combination of fiber-optic technology and its encapsulation in a polymer PDMS allows the use of the sensor e.g. in magnetic resonance environments (MRI). Among currently solved doctors requirements belongs field focusing on the study of hyperventilation and panic attacks of patients during MRI examination due to their very frequent occurrence. Proposed FBG sensor can help doctors to predict (based on heart rate) hyperventilation and panic attacks of patients during MRI examinations. For the most accurate determination of the heart rate, it is necessary to know the influence location of the sensor on the human body. The sensor functionality and analysis of the sensor placement on the heart rate has been verified by a series of real experimental measurements of test subjects in laboratory environment.
Protection of persons and assets is the key challenge of Smart City safeguards technologies. Conventional security technologies are often outdated and easy to breach. Therefore, new technologies that could complement existing systems or replace them are developed. The use of optical fibers and their subsequent application in sensing is a trend of recent years. This article discusses the use of fiber-optic sensors in perimeter protection. The sensor consists of optical fibers and couplers only and being constructed without wires and metal parts bring many advantages. These include an absence of interference with electromagnetic waves, system presence can be difficult to detect as well as affect its operation. Testing installation of perimeter system was carried out under reinforced concrete structure. Subjects walked over the bridge at different speeds and over the different routes. The task for the system was an absolute detection of all subjects. The proposed system should find application mainly in areas with the presence of volatile substances, strong electromagnetic fields, or in explosive areas.
Today interferometric sensors are among the most accurate available thanks to their inherent high sensitivity. These highly versatile sensors may be used to measure phenomena such as temperature, strain, fluid level, flow, vibration, stress, etc. This article concentrates on the composition of fiber-optic interferometers, in particular the Mach-Zehnder type. The Mach-Zehnder type is composed of two arms, one for measurement and a second serving as a reference. When light enters the interferometer, ideally the phase of the light is shifted only in the measurement arm while the phase in the second arm remains unchanged. Interference occurs when the light recombining at the output and the resulting light intensity is proportional to the measurand. A major issue in the application of fiber based sensors is laying and fixing the fibers effectively in real life environments. Different approaches are necessary for both arms. The reference arm should as far as possible be isolated from the measurand. In this paper, various isolating materials are considered, however there are almost unlimited materials that may be used for isolation purposes. Conventional construction methods and materials were used such as aluminum tubing, flexible PVC tubing, double sided tape, steel clinches, superglue, PVC strips and PVC strips filled by silicon.
During track maintenance operations, the early detection of oncoming rail vehicles is critical for the safety of maintenance personnel. In addition, the detection system should be simple to install at the trackside by minimally qualified personnel. Fibre optic based sensor systems have the inherent advantages of being passive, unaffected by radio frequency interference (RFI) and suffering very low signal attenuation. Such a system therefore represents a good alternative to conventional approaches such as ultrasonic based sensor systems. The proposed system consists of one or more passive fibre trackside sensors and an x86 processing unit located at the work site. The solid fibre connection between sensors and processing unit eliminates the risk of RFI. In addition, the detection system sensors are easy to install with no requirement for electrical power at the sensor site. The system was tested on a tram line in Ostrava with the results obtained indicating the successful detection of all the trams in the monitoring windows using a single sensor. However, the platform allows flexibility in configuring multiple sensors where required by system users.
Interferometric sensors can be categorized as highly sensitive and precise devices with series inconsiderable benefits from the possibility of using standard telecommunication fibers. They can be measured even small changes in the deformation of shapes in time, changes in temperature, pressure, voltage, vibration, electric field, etc. The basic idea, which is described in this article is the usage of the interferometer as a security and monitoring component, which offers a solution for securing of closed spaces, especially before unwanted entries. Its primary task is to detect intrusions - disrupting the integrity of the transparent window area due to vibration response. The base of the solution is a Mach-Zehnder interferometer, which consists of two arms in the power distribution ratio of 1:1, consisting of the SM optical fiber excited by a DFB laser. The interferometer is working on the wavelength of 1550 nm. The resulting signal is registered as a result of interference of optical beams from the reference and sensor arm. Realized measuring scheme was terminated optical receiver comprising PbSe detector. Below described experimental measurements have shown that implemented interferometer has a sufficient value of the signal to noise ratio (SNR) and is able to detect very weak signals in a wide frequency range from tens of Hz to kHz units. The signal was processed by applications developed for the amplitude-frequency spectrum. Evaluated was the maximum amplitude of the signal and compared to the noise. The results were verified by retesting the assembled prototype.
Fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) belongs to the single-point optical sensors used in many fields and applications where they often replace a standard sensors. They are easy to multiplex and the wavelength division multiplex is the most widely used method. FBGs in sensory branch are designed for a different Bragg wavelength which gives different measure and sensitivity coefficients. Existing algorithm is based on the determination of left and right boundaries of the measuring channel and the central Bragg wavelength. In this paper is presented the new mathematical model for calculation of Bragg wavelength, sensitivity coefficient and channel width of any FBG in the single step. The model takes into account the following input parameters: wavelength of the optical source, source bandwidth, the type of measured quantity, measuring ranges, width of the FBG reflected spectrum and the guard band between adjacent channels. The mathematical model is verified by using a simulation in software OptiSystem.
Distributed optical fiber sensors monitor the measured variables over the entire fiber length. Distributed strain and temperature system (DSTS) scans the frequency change of Brillouin scattering which depends on the measured temperature and mechanical stress of the fiber. This paper deals with the effect of fiber geometric deformations on the Brillouin scattering. The points of maximum and minimum deformations were searched using the Brillouin frequency change. The optical fiber was installed into base geometric shapes and deformed by mechanical stress. Standard single-mode fiber G.652.D was used. The aim of this study was to verify if the standard optical fiber originally designed for telecommunication transmissions are suitable for sensor applications with DSTS. It turned out that these fibers are applicable for the deformation measurement and geometrical arrangement has great influence on the measurement sensitivity too.
Interferometric sensors are very accurate and sensitive sensors that due to the extreme sensitivity allow sensing vibration and acoustic signals. This paper describes a new method of implementation of Mach-Zehnder interferometer for sensing of vibrations caused by touching on the window panes. Window panes are part of plastic windows, in which the reference arm of the interferometer is mounted and isolated inside the frame, a measuring arm of the interferometer is fixed to the window pane and it is mounted under the cover of the window frame. It prevents visibility of the optical fiber and this arrangement is the basis for the safety system. For the construction of the vibration sensor standard elements of communication networks are used - optical fiber according to G.652D and 1x2 splitters with dividing ratio 1:1. Interferometer operated at a wavelength of 1550 nm. The paper analyses the sensitivity of the window in a 12x12 measuring points matrix, there is specified sensitivity distribution of the window pane.
Researcher’s teams were dealing with the microwave emitter’s inhomogeneity problem since the microwaves were used. One possible way, how to measure electromagnetic field is the measurement on inhomogeneous temperature distribution on the irradiated sample, which can cause problems as in other material processing, so in the undesirable change of properties and even security. Inhomogeneity of electromagnetic field is specific by creating spots with higher or lower temperature called “hot spots”. This inhomogeneity strongly affects the temperature distribution in the cross section of the material and its resultant heating. Given the impossibility of using classical electronic devices with metal temperature sensors were various indirect methods used in the past. This paper deals with experimental measurement of the microwave emitter’s inhomogeneity (2.45 GHz) using the optical fiber DTS. The greatest advantage of this sensor system is just in using of the optical fiber (electromagnetic resistance, small size, safety using in inflammable and explosive area, easy installation). Due to these properties of the optical fiber sensor it’s possible to measure the temperature of the sample in real time. These sensor are able to measure the temperature along the fiber, in some cases they use nonlinear effect in optical fiber (Raman nonlinear effect). The verification of non-homogeneity consists in experimental measuring of the temperature distribution within the wooden sample. The method is based on heat exchange in an isolated system where wooden sample serves as an absorber of the irradiated energy. To identify locations with different power density was used DTS system, based on nonlinear phenomena in optical fibers.
Nowadays, the interferometric sensors belong to the one of the most accurate, thanks to its great sensitivity. With their
help we are able to measure temperature, strain, level, flow, vibration, stress, etc. For its operation the Michelson
interferometer consist of the two arms terminated by mirrors, by which is possible to measure generated phase shift in
the individual arms. Furthermore, polarization maintaining fibers were used. With this setup we will examine the effects
of vibration and also how is this sensor influenced by the different setup arrangement and how it will manifest its
frequency response. It is important to isolate the reference arm to increase the sensitivity of the measurement and the
subsequent effect on the maximum phase shift and maximum frequencies response. In this work, we are going to
describe various combinations of the arrangement of the measuring and reference arm and their effect on the sensitivity
of different measured phenomena. Subsequently obtained frequency bands are evaluated for these various configurations
and materials.
The FSO (Free Space Optics) communication uses the visible or infrared light for transmission. As well as cable optics FSO also uses laser for the data transmission, but the data flow is not transmitted in the fiber but in the air. This technology does not require expensive fiber optic cables and or ensure the licensing zone as it is in the case of radio networks. As well as in the cable transmissions are different modulations used. Nowadays, the most used modulations are QAM and OFDM. OFDM belongs to the border group of modulations with more carrier waves, where the information's are transmitted via subcarrier waves with lower data flow and baud rate. It is mainly used in broadband wire and wireless communications. OFDM provides very high signal resistance against the interference, chromatic dispersion (CD) and polarization mode dispersion (PMD)[l]. Modulation method involves the use of several hundreds to thousands of subcarrier waves. QAM is a composite modulation, which uses for symbol creation the combination of ASK (Amplitude Shift Keying) and PSK (Phase Shift Keying). Each state is represented by a specific value of the amplitude and phase. It's actually multistate modulation, which is able to transmit n bits by m symbols. That means that more bits are transferred at one moment. This paper deals with the modulations used in FSO. Most used modulation in FSO is OOK (On-Off Keying) , but modulations OFDM and QAM are (modulation ) ways of the future. The main task was to determine how much is the reach of modulations changing with the changes of density (visibility) of fog and the set transceiver power. As software environment for simulations has been used OptiSystem program. For the simulation of the atmosphere the FSO component has been used. In this component were simulated attenuations, which are responding to varying densities of fog [2]. At different intensities of fog were changing the received power.
Nowadays the trends in the construction industry are changing at an incredible speed. The new technologies are still emerging on the market. Sphere of building insulation is not an exception as well. One of the major problems in building insulation is usually its failure, whether caused by unwanted mechanical intervention or improper installation. The localization of these faults is quite difficult, often impossible without large intervention into the construction. As a proper solution for this problem might be utilization of Optical-Fiber DTS system based on stimulated Raman scattering. Used DTS system is primary designed for continuous measurement of the temperature along the optical fiber. This system is using standard optical fiber as a sensor, which brings several advantages in its application. First, the optical fiber is relatively inexpensive, which allows to cover a quite large area for a small cost. The other main advantages of the optical fiber are electromagnetic resistance, small size, safety operation in inflammable or explosive area, easy installation, etc. This article is dealing with the detection and localization of building insulation faults using mentioned system.
Fiber-optic sensors based on phase shift measurements are one of the most sensitive sensors at all. In general they are capable to measure various phenomena, for example displacement, rotation, temperature, acoustic pressure, liquid flow and level, strain etc. In our paper we have used interferometer configuration based on the Mach–Zehnder principle with polarization maintaining components and narrowband DFB laser operating at a wavelength of 1550 nm. In this configuration it is important to isolate the reference arm against measured phenomena and on the other hand to increase the sensitivity of the measuring arm to maximize phase shift induced by the measured phenomenon. The paper describes various measurement arrangements of measuring and reference arm and their influence on the measurement sensitivity. The obtained frequency ranges are evaluated for all mentioned combinations.
Nowadays, in the field of communications systems radio transmission frequencies are dominant inside buildings. Due to the increasing of large number of users and devices, that use these frequencies, there is danger of accruing interferences and reducing the transmission performance. Therefore, indoor wireless optical systems are beginning to use as an alternative solution. Indoor wireless optical systems can use for communication direct and reflected light rays. This article deals with the measurement of optical power distribution in the model dark room. As a light source we use white power LEDs located on the ceiling of the room. The measurement of the optical power distribution was performed in dark room, which was specially constructed for this purpose. This room was also modelled in LightTools software that allows simulate a real measurement. This article compares the results of the measurement and the simulation.
The Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensors are nowadays used in many applications. Thanks to its quite big sensitivity to a surrounding environment, they can be used for sensing of temperature, strain, vibration or pressure. A fiber Bragg grating vibration sensor, which is interrogated by a distributed feedback laser diode (DFB) is demonstrated in this article. The system is based on the intensity modulation of the narrow spectral bandwidth of the DFB laser, when the reflection spectrum of the FBG sensor is shifted due to the strain that is applied on it in form of vibrations caused by acoustic wave pressure from loud speaker. The sensor’s response in frequency domain and strain is measured; also the factor of sensor pre-strain impact on its sensitivity is discussed.
The interferometers composed of optical fibers are due to its high sensitivity capable of to measure various influences affecting the fiber. These influences may be bending or different sorts of fiber deformations, vibration, temperature, etc. In this case the vibration is the measured quantity, which is evaluated by analyzing the interference fringes representing changes in the fiber. Was used a Mach-Zehnder interferometer composed of the polarization maintaining elements. The polarization maintaining elements were used because of high sensitivity to polarization state inside the interferometer. The light was splitted into the two optical paths, where the first one is the reference fiber and it is separated from the actual phenomenon, and the second one is measuring fiber, which is directly exposed to vibration transmission from the underlying surface. The light source was narrowband DFB laser serating at a wavelength of 1550nm and as a detector an InGaAs PIN photodiode were used in this measurement. The electrical signal from the photodiode was amplified and fed into the measuring card. On the incoming signal the FFT was applied, which performs the transformation into the frequency domain and the results were further evaluated by software. We were evaluating the characteristic frequencies and their amplitude ratios. The frequency responses are unique for a given phenomenon, thus it is possible to identify recurring events by the characteristic frequencies and their amplitude ratios. The frequency range was limited by the properties of the used speaker, by the frequency characteristics of the filter in the amplifier and used resonant element. For the experiment evaluation the repeated impact of the various spherical objects on the surface board was performed and measured. The stability of amplitude and frequency and also the frequency range was verified in this measurement.
Fiber optical interferometers belong to highly sensitive equipments that are able to measure slight changes like distortion
of shape, temperature and electric field variation and etc. Their great advantage is that they are insensitive on ageing
component, from which they are composed of. It is in virtue of herewith, that there are evaluated no changes in optical
signal intensity but number interference fringes. To monitor the movement of persons, eventually to analyze the changes
in state of motion we developed method based on analysis the dynamic changes in interferometric pattern. We have used
Mach- Zehnder interferometer with conventional SM fibers excited with the DFB laser at wavelength of 1550 nm. It was
terminated with optical receiver containing InGaAs PIN photodiode. Its output was brought into measuring card module
that performs on FFT of the received interferometer signal. The signal rises with the composition of two waves passing
through single interferometer arm. The optical fiber SMF 28e in one arm is referential; the second one is positioned on
measuring slab at dimensions of 1x2m. A movement of persons around the slab was monitored, signal processed with
FFT and frequency spectra were evaluated. They rose owing to dynamic changes of interferometric pattern. The results
reflect that the individual subjects passing through slab embody characteristic frequency spectra, which are individual for
particular persons. The scope of measuring frequencies proceeded from zero to 10 kHz. It was also displayed in
experiments that the experimental subjects, who walked around the slab and at the same time they have had changed
their state of motion (knee joint fixation), embodied characteristic changes in their frequency spectra. At experiments the
stability of interferometric patterns was evaluated as from time aspects, so from the view of repeated identical
experiments. Two kinds of balls (tennis and ping-pong) were used to plot the repeatability measurements and the gained
spectra at repeated drops of balls were compared. Those stroked upon the same place and from the same elevation and
dispersion of the obtained frequency spectra was evaluated. These experiments were performed on the series of 20
repeated drops from highs of 0,5 and 1m. The evaluation of experiments displayed that the dispersion of measured
values is lower than 4%. Frequency response has been verified with the loudspeaker connected to signal generator and
amplifier. Various slabs have been measured and frequency ranges were compared for particular slab designs.
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