This paper presents an exploratory attempt to use high-resolution radar measurements for face identification in forensic
applications. An imaging radar system developed by JPL was used to measure a human face at 670 GHz. Frontal views
of the face were measured both with and without a ski mask at a range of 25 m. The realized spatial resolution was
roughly 1 cm in all three dimensions. The surfaces of the ski mask and the face were detected by using the two
dominating reflections from amplitude data. Various methods for visualization of these surfaces are presented. The
possibility to use radar data to determine certain face distance measures between well-defined face landmarks, typically
used for anthropometric statistics, was explored. The measures used here were face length, frontal breadth and
interpupillary distance. In many cases the radar system seems to provide sufficient information to exclude an innocent
subject from suspicion. For an accurate identification it is believed that a system must provide significantly more
information.
This paper describes the research efforts made at the Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI) concerning through-the-wall imaging radar, as well as fundamental characterization of various wall materials. These activities are a part of two FOI-projects concerning security sensors in the aspects of Military Operations in Urban Terrain (MOUT) and Homeland Defence.
Through-the-wall high resolution imaging of a human between 28-40 GHz has been performed at FOI. The UWB radar that was used is normally a member of the instrumentation of the FOI outdoor RCS test range Lilla Gåra. The armed test person was standing behind different kinds of walls. The radar images were generated by stepping the turntable in azimuth and elevation. The angular resolution in the near-field was improved by refocusing the parabolic antennas, which in combination with the large bandwidth (12 GHz) gave extremely high resolution radar images. A 3D visualization of the person even exposed the handgun tucked into one hip pocket. A qualitative comparison between the experimental results and simulation results (physical optics-based method) will also be presented.
The second part of this paper describes results from activities at FOI concerning material characterization in the 2-110 GHz region. The transmission of building, packing and clothing materials has been experimentally determined. The wide-band measurements in free space were carried out with a scalar network analyzer. In this paper results from these characterizations will be presented. Furthermore, an experimental investigation will be reported of how the transmission properties for some moisted materials change as a function of water content and frequency. We will also show experimental results of how the transmission properties of a pine panel are affected when the surface is coated with a thin surface layer of water.
The possibilities to support the interpretation of spatial 3D-radar data visually both with and without camera images are studied. Radar measurements and camera pictures of a person are analyzed. First, the received signal amplitudes distributed in three dimensions, spherical range and two angles, are fed to a selection procedure using amplitude and the scene volume of interest. A number of resolution cells will then form images based on a volume representation depending upon the amplitude and location. Projecting the images of all the cells upon an imaging plane then forms the total image. Different images of a radar data set are performed for different projecting planes. The images were studied to find efficient aspect angles to get the target information of most interest. Rotating the target data around a suitable axis may perform such search. In addition, a visualization method for presenting radar data merged with a camera picture has been developed. An aim in this part of the work has been to keep the high information content of the camera image in the merged image. From the 3D-radar measurements the radar data may be projected upon the imaging plane of a camera with an arbitrary viewing center. This possibility is presented in examples with one camera looking at the target scene from the radar location and another camera looking from an aspect angle differing 45° relative to the aspect angle of the radar.
KEYWORDS: Antennas, Receivers, Radar, Transmitters, Manufacturing, Gallium arsenide, Interference (communication), Waveguides, Signal to noise ratio, Near field
The development of a 210 GHz radar system intended to study security applications such as personnel scanning is reported.
The system is designed to operate with a transmit antenna floodlighting the target scene and a mechanically
scanned antenna-integrated receiver module. For increased performance and potential future volume production the receiver
front-end is based on highly integrated MMICs manufactured using the IAF 0.1 μm GaAs mHEMT process made
available through a Swedish-German MoU. A single-chip MMIC solution is being developed containing feed antenna,
LNA, mixer and an LO multiplier-chain. The transmitter part is based on a high-power HBV quintupler source-module.
KEYWORDS: Missiles, Time metrology, Weapons, Information theory, Target acquisition, Distance measurement, Error analysis, Defense and security, Atmospheric modeling, Navigation systems
The information requirements for missile guidance are treated from simple parameter descriptions of a missile and a target. Their maximum accelerations and the maneuver response time of the missile characterize the description of the maneuverability of the missile and the target. Other parameters are the lethal range of the warhead, the closing velocity, the time to go etc. The requirements are reflected within the parameters such as the level of uncertainty before and after a measurement, the measuring times or the instantaneous measurement frequency, the total number of measurements
etc. For the most part, the study is not associated with any particular measuring method. The study focus is on the endgame of missile guidance where we apply a simple maneuver model. We suppose that all accelerations are perpendicular to the initial line of sight. A specific case therefore shows a constant closing velocity
and a known time to go. The missile is also characterized by a time delay between the start of the measurement and the effectuation of the acceleration command. The result includes the calculation of the amount of information needed for a certain case and some parameter
dependencies. We have studied the minimum information due to the acceleration ratio between missile and target and also the maximum delay limit due to the acceleration capabilities of the target and missile along with other parameters. The result also indicates the dependence of the information requirement on the time to go.
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