We revisit the design strategies of erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFA) in wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) submarine links over transoceanic distances. We particularly investigate the optimization of EDFA settings such as fiber length, optical bandwidth and population inversion to maximize the power efficiency and/or achievable information rate (AIR) at fixed span length. When optical bandwidth is fixed, we show the existence of a unique EDFA optimum setting whatever the pump power, provided Kerr-effect is overlooked. When accounting for Kerr-effect, the EDFA parameters can be adjusted to improve AIR as pump power increases. We also show a performance enhancement when working with a variable bandwidth design at very-low and very-high pump powers.
Submarine systems have recently evolved from turnkey systems into an open cable approach, where new metrics describing wet plant performance have been defined. The transmission GSNR has been standardized and is measured together with the OSNR in cable commissioning to characterize open submarine links. We propose in this paper a method based on numerical simulation to accurately predict the achievable capacity of open cables using only the commissioning parameters. We also assess the impact of the measurement uncertainties during commissioning on capacity prediction. Finally, we apply the proposed method to realistic subsea links and show how the uncertainty on the capacity estimate can be reduced further when using the commissioning measurements to reduce the uncertainty on line parameters.
As illustrated by optical fiber and optical amplification, optical telecommunications have appeared for the last
ten years as one of the most promising candidates to increase the transmission capacities. More recently, the
concept of optical transparency has been investigated and introduced: it consists of the optical routing of
Wavelength Division Multiplexed (WDM) channels without systematic optoelectronic processing at nodes, as
long as propagation impairments remain acceptable [1]. This allows achieving less power-consuming, more
scalable and flexible networks, and today partial optical transparency has become a reality in deployed systems.
However, because of the evolution of traffic features, optical networks are facing new challenges such as
demand for higher transmitted capacity, further upgradeability, and more automation. Making all these
evolutions compliant on the same current network infrastructure with a minimum of upgrades is one of the main
issues for equipment vendors and operators. Hence, an automatic and efficient management of the network needs
a control plan aware of the expected Quality of Transmission (QoT) of the connections to set-up with respect to
numerous parameters such as: the services demanded by the customers in terms of protection/restoration; the
modulation rate and format of the connection under test and also of its adjacent WDM channels; the engineering
rules of the network elements traversed with an accurate knowledge of the associated physical impairments.
Whatever the method and/or the technology used to collect this information, the issue about its accuracy is one
of the main concerns of the network system vendors, because an inaccurate knowledge could yield a sub-optimal
dimensioning and so additional costs when installing the network in the field. Previous studies [1], [2] illustrated
the impact of this knowledge accuracy on the ability to predict the connection feasibility. After describing usual
methods to build performance estimators, this paper reports on this impact but at the global network level,
quantifying the importance to account for these uncertainties from the early network planning step; it also
proposes an improvement of the accuracy of the Quality of Transmission (QoT) estimator to reduce the raise of
planned resources due to these uncertainties.
KEYWORDS: Monte Carlo methods, Binary data, Error analysis, Transmittance, Computer simulations, Dispersion, Systems modeling, Nonlinear optics, Single mode fibers, Receivers
When increasing channel bit rate beyond 10Gb/s or when operating over fiber lines with sparse or no in-line dispersion
compensation, Kerr-like non-linear effects can be considered as second order with respect to dispersive effects, because
pulse broadening can expand over numerous neighbor pulses, before optical non-linear effects imprint their signature
noticeably. To accurately emulate the interactions between pulses in this case, a few studies emphasized that Pseudo-
Random Binary Sequences (PRBS) should be used, with exponential dependence of the required PRBS length on bit rate
and accumulated dispersion. In this paper, we explain our strategy to numerically estimate the required number of
random, noisy bits for Monte-Carlo simulations, and show that it weakly increases in presence of pulse to pulse
correlations and commonly tolerated levels of non-linearities (i.e. leading to transmission penalties as high as 1.5dB, for
reference BERs of 10-2, 10-3 or 10-5) . Then we determine the actual required PRBS length that yields the same
(sufficient) BER accuracy as the MC method. We demonstrate its actual dependence on BER, and show that MC theory
provides a reliable upper bound in FEC-assisted, highly dispersive systems.
In this paper, we highlight the potential of Coherent PDM-QPSK format for next-generation 100Gb/s transmission
systems, through a record transmission experiment of 16.4Tb/s over 2550km, and in-depth experimental analyses of
tolerance to joint PMD and non-linear effects, as well as robustness to typical constraints of terrestrial optical networks.
While today's WDM optical networks are mostly based on 10Gbit/s data, modulated according to the non-return-to-zero
format and offer sub-Terabit/s capacities, networks at 40Gbit/s and beyond will likely use more complex modulation
formats, possibly involving more than 1 bit/symbol, for compatibility with the 50GHz channel spacing grid. For these
formats, two types of detection schemes can be considered: differential detection, or coherent detection. With differential
detection, we demonstrated 25.6Tb/s transmission over 240km, using 160 WDM channels on a 50GHz grid, each
containing two polarization-multiplexed 85.4Gb/s RZ-DQPSK signals. But coherent detection appears as an even more
promising technique for such multilevel formats, to reach higher transmission distances. It provides the real and
imaginary parts of the signal, at the expense of larger complexity and cost. These drawbacks should be weighted by the
promises offered by the technique when combined with advanced digital signal processing (DSP). DSP not only solves
some severe implementation issues, but also holds in store a tremendous potential against fiber impairments. In this
paper, we will focus on coherent detection solution and will demonstrate experimentally that a coherent receiver
involving DSP can mitigate distortions from chromatic dispersion, polarization-mode-dispersion and narrow optical
filtering, even after several thousand kilometers of fiber for 40 and 80Gb/s-modulated channels, thereby paving the way
for higher-capacity, longer-reach transparent optical networks, eventually taking advantage of efficient Polarization
Division Multiplexing
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