KEYWORDS: Phase shift keying, Optical components, Photodetectors, Phase modulation, Signal processing, Modulation, High power fiber amplifiers, Optical amplifiers, Phase measurement, Signal to noise ratio
We report high power phase locked fiber amplifier array using the Self-Synchronous Locking of Optical Coherence by
Single-detector Electronic-frequency Tagging technique. We report the first experimental results for a five element
amplifier array with a total locked power of more than 725-W. We will report on experimental measurements of the
phase fluctuations versus time when the control loop is closed. The rms phase error was measured to be λ/60. Recent
results will be reported. To the best of the authors' knowledge this is the highest fiber laser power to be coherently
combined.
We report high power phase locked fiber amplifier array using the Self-Synchronous Locking of Optical Coherence by
Single-detector Electronic-frequency Tagging technique. We report the first experimental results for a five element
amplifier array with a total locked power of more than 725-W. We will report on experimental measurements of the
phase fluctuations versus time when the control loop is closed. The rms phase error was measured to be λ/60. Recent
results will be reported. To the best of the authors' knowledge this is the highest fiber laser power to be coherently
combined.
The first theory for two novel coherent beam combination architectures that are the first
electronic beam combination architectures that completely eliminate the need for a separate
reference beam are presented. Experimental results demonstrating the coherent addition of a
3 by 3 array of fiber amplifiers with a total phase locked power of 100-W are also described.
A novel high accuracy all electronic technique for phase locking arrays of optical fibers is demonstrated. We report the first demonstration of the only electronic phase locking technique that doesn't require a reference beam. The measured phase error is λ/20. Excellent phase locking has been demonstrated for fiber amplifier arrays.
We report a novel coherent beam combining technique. This is the first actively phase locked optical fiber array that eliminates the need for a separate reference beam. In addition, only a single photodetector is required. The far-field central spot of the array is imaged onto the photodetector to produce the phase control loop signals. Each leg of the fiber array is phase modulated with a separate RF frequency, thus tagging the optical phase shift for each leg by a separate RF frequency. The optical phase errors for the individual array legs are separated in the electronic domain. In contrast with the previous active phase locking techniques, in our system the reference beam is spatially overlapped with all the RF modulated fiber leg beams onto a single detector. The phase shift between the optical wave in the reference leg and in the RF modulated legs is measured separately in the electronic domain and the phase error signal is feedback to the LiNbO3 phase modulator for that leg to minimize the phase error for that leg relative to the reference leg. The advantages of this technique are 1) the elimination of the reference beam and beam combination optics and 2) the electronic separation of the phase error signals without any degradation of the phase locking accuracy. We will present the first theoretical model for self-referenced LOCSET and describe experimental results for a 3 x 3 array.
We present an improved model for a spectrographic survey telescope with a kilometer scale diffraction grating collector. Refining the initial public disclosures, the new model quantifies flux collection for telescopes of this type. An option in the new model allows a trade of reduced spectral bandwidth for increased flux collection. We provide experimental evidence to demonstrate an earlier prediction of Ångstrom spectral resolution with relaxed tolerances for grating flatness. This model also posits a kilometer focal length secondary parabolic mirror and details its secondary spectrometer.
Terrestrial installations for telescopes of this type can be at the ground level, presenting a near-zero wind profile despite the unprecedented kilometer scale aperture. The secondary, consisting of a parabolic reflector, is mechanically independent of the primary and completely static. The resulting open frame eliminates the need for a secondary spyder and has no obstructions in the active ray path. The grating primary can be combined with zenith tube liquid mirrors to provide full coverage of right ascension and all angles of declination. A folding mirror can be used as adaptive wave front correction. In space-based deployment, the kilometer length primary can be stowed as a membrane and unfurled in orbit using simple inertial forces.
We describe the development of a portable NRL seeing monitor which consists of a 12 inch Meade f/10 telescope with a Dalsa Cad6 260x260 camera having 10 micron pixels. This seeing monitor is capable of up to 700 frames per second. We have three different techniques to measure Fried's r0 parameter: full aperture, two-hole mask, and two-hole mask with in-line intensifier. For the observations done at the Anderson Mesa, Arizona site in January-July 2004, we present comparison of Fried's r0 obtained. Calibration, observing techniques, and data analysis techniques are described. Comparison of the three different techniques is discussed.
In order to optically vary the magnification of an imaging system, mechanical zoom lenses, such as those found on 35mm cameras, require multiple optical elements and use cams or gears to adjust the spacing between individual or groups of lenses. By incorporating active elements in the optical design, we can eliminate the need to change lens separations and create an imaging system with variable optical magnification that has no macroscopic moving parts.
The idea of using liquid crystal devices as an adaptive optics component has been proposed by several authors. In recent years a vigorous research effort has been carried out, and it is still flourishing, in several countries. Mainly the research and experimental work has been concentrated in the USA, U.K. and Russia. There are several reasons why liquid crystals may represent a valid alternative to the traditional deformable mirror technology that has been used for the past two decades or so. The main attractiveness of LC resides in the cost. Current deformable mirror technology has a range of price going from $2K to $15K per channel. LC technology promises to be at least a couple of orders of magnitude cheaper. Other reasons are connected with reliability, low power consumption and with a huge technological momentum based on a wide variety of industrial applications. In this paper we present some preliminary characterizations of a new, large format device. Such devices have the potential for extremely high-resolution wave-front control due to the over 10,000 corrective elements. The characterization of the device, so far, consists of measurements of the overall optical quality and of the phase control relationship
A University/Industry/Air Force Laboratory collaboration has developed an inexpensive but innovative telescope for interferometry. It incorporates low weight mirrors, low profile tip/tilt secondary, and accelerometer based jitter control. It is built to incorporate higher order adaptive optics. A design team has striven to emphasize a low cost medium tech approach to reduce costs coupled with sturdy precision engineering. The telescopes will be sited in New Mexico and used for Academic and Defense needs.
In this paper we present results using a compact, portable adaptive optics system. The system was developed as a joint venture between the Naval Research Laboratory, Air Force Research Laboratory, and two small, New Mexico based-businesses. The system has a footprint of 18x24x18 inches and weighs less than 100 lbs. Key hardware design characteristics enable portability, easy mounting, and stable alignment. The system also enables quick calibration procedures, stable performance, and automatic adaptability to various pupil configurations. The system was tested during an engineering run in late July 2002 at the Naval Observatory Flagstaff Station one-meter telescope. Weather prevented extensive testing and the seeing during the run was marginal but a sufficient opportunity was provided for proof-of-concept, initial characterization of closed loop performance, and to start addressing some of the most pressing engineering and scientific issues.
Telescope structures are typically required to attain a certain degree of mechanical rigidity in order to achieve the desired optical performance goals, yet there are many applications where weight is either at a premium or local conditions exist that pre-empt optimal mechanical stability requirements. What is needed is a system which can sense and compensate for the opto-mechanical instabilities and correct them in real-time, preferably without "stealing" light from the optical system. We propose using tiny MEMS-based inertial reference sensors to measure the structural dynamics, and, using an appropriate model and coordinate transformations, correct in real-time the tip/tilt, focus, and possibly higher order errors of the optical system aberrations using MEMS-based deformable mirrors and/or our own tip/tilt + piston mirrors.
We have successfully demonstrated a simple, wide field-of- view, foveated imaging system utilizing a liquid crystal spatial light modulator (SLM). The SLM was used to correct the off-axis aberrations that otherwise limited the useful field-of-view (FOV) of our system. Our system mimics the operation of the human eye by creating an image with variable spatial resolution and could be made significantly smaller and more compact than a conventional wide FOV system. It may be useful in applications such as surveillance, remote navigation of unmanned vehicles, and target acquisition and tracking, or any application where size, weight, or data transmission bandwidth is critical.
KEYWORDS: Mirrors, Relays, Space telescopes, Telescopes, Beam controllers, Space mirrors, Laser applications, Satellites, Space operations, Space based lasers
EAGLE (Evolutionary Air & Space Global Laser Engagement) is the proposed high power weapon system with a high power laser source, a relay mirror constellation, and the necessary ground and communications links. The relay mirror itself will be a satellite composed of two optically-coupled telescopes/mirrors used to redirect laser energy from ground, air, or space based laser sources to distant points on the earth or space. The receiver telescope captures the incoming energy, relays it through an optical system that cleans up the beam, then a separate transmitter telescope/mirror redirects the laser energy at the desired target. Not only is it a key component in extending the range of DoD's current laser weapon systems, it also enables ancillary missions. Furthermore, if the vacuum of space is utilized, then the atmospheric effects on the laser beam propagation will be greatly attenuated. Finally, several critical technologies are being developed to make the EAGLE/Relay Mirror concept a reality, and the Relay Mirror Technology Development Program was set up to address them. This paper will discuss each critical technology, the current state of the work, and the future implications of this program.
The idea of using liquid crystal as adaptive optics components has been proposed by several authors. In recent years a vigorous research effort has been carried out, and it is still flourishing, in several countries. Mainly the research and experimental work has been concentrated in US, U.K. and Russia. There are several reasons why liquid crystal may represent a valid alternative to the traditional deformable mirror technology that has been used for the past two decades or so. The main attractiveness of LC is resides in the cost. Current deformable mirror technology has a range of price going from $2K to $15K per channel. LC technology promises to be at least a couple of orders of magnitude cheaper. Other reasons are connected with reliability, low power consumption and with a huge technological momentum based on a wide variety of industrial applications. In this paper I present some of the experimental results of a 5 years, on going, research effort at the Air Force Research Lab. Most of the work has been on the development of suitable devices with extremely high optical quality, individually addressable pixels, fast switching time. The bulk of the work has been concentrated in the arena of the untwisted nematic material. However new devices are now under development using dual-frequency nematic material and high tilt angle ferroelectric material.
In many instances, mechanical vibrations, not atmospherics, are the dominant contributors to time varying optical tilts affecting both astronomical and terrestrial observations. We used a pair of inexpensive micromachined accelerometers placed on the secondary mirror mount of a 12' telescope, inferring angular deviations from twice temporally integrated acceleration signals. We then applied this result with appropriate gain to a feed-forward tip/tilt mirror correction loop with good results.
We present a study and preliminary experimental results on the possibility of using an adaptive optics system for reduction of geometrical fluctuations of input laser beam in long baseline interferometric detectors of gravitational waves. Presently used completely passive systems are expected to reduce fluctuations only at a level that, due to coupling of geometrical fluctuations with interferometer asymmetries, impose requirements on interferometer operation which are at the limit of present technology. Active pre-stabilization could reduce fluctuations and relax these requirements, allowing a safer and more robust interferometer operation on the planned time-scale of years of continue data acquisition.
The idea of using liquid crystal as adaptive optics components has been proposed by several authors. In recent years a vigorous research effort has been carried out, and it si still flourishing, in several countries. Mainly the research and experimental work has been concentrated in US, U.K. and Russia. There are several reasons why liquid crystal may represent a valid alternative to the traditional deformable mirror technology that has been used for the past two decades or so. The main attractiveness of LC resides in the cost. Current deformable mirror technology has a range of price going from 2K to 15K per channel. LC technology promises to be at least a couple of orders of magnitude cheaper. Other reasons are connected with reliability, low power consumption and with a huge technological momentum based on a wide variety of industrial applications. IN this paper I present some of the experimental results of a 5 years, on going, research effort at the Air Force Research Lab. Most of the work has been on the development of suitable devices with extremely high optical quality, individually addressable pixels, fast switching time. The bulk of the work has been concentrated in the arena of the untwisted nematic material. However new devices are now under development using dual-frequency nematic material and high tilt angle ferroelectric material.
The use of liquid crystal devices for wavefront control has been suggested and implemented by several authors. Our group has been at the forefront of the development of this technology. In this paper we report some preliminary experimental results on the use of Nematic based liquid crystal devices. Several experimental efforts have been carried out in the past few months. One of the main aims was to characterize a new devices that uses dual frequency nematic material.
The use of liquid crystal devices for wavefront control has been suggested and implemented by several authors. Our group has been at the forefront of the development of this technology. In this paper we report some preliminary experimental results on the use of nematic based liquid crystal devices. Several experimental efforts have been carried out in the past few months. One of the main aims was to characterize a new device that uses dual frequency nematic material.
Real-time holography compensates for severe aberrations in membrane-mirror based telescope systems. Laboratory demonstrations in both imaging and beam projection have been conducted. Prototype optically addressed liquid-crystal spatial light modulator devices, developed and adapted for this application, are demonstrated with significantly improved diffraction efficiencies.
Gone are the days of unfettered government spending. An affordable, high performance alternative to multi-million dollar adaptive optics systems is required by the scientific and industrial communities. We have constructed and now give early performance specifications for the 1 St ofthree low cost Adaptive Optics systems for the University of Puerto Rico Imaging Interferometer. Built in months, not years, our in-house subsystem developments include (1) a photon counting ICCD Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor; (2) a zero latency analog wavefront reconstructor; (3) a precision 2D geometry interpolator; (4) a 700Hz bandwidth beamsteering mirror system with photon counting tracker; and (5)adata acquisition, monitoring and deformable mirror control computer. Key to the control system is a 37-element MEM electrostatic membrane deformable mirror purchased from OKO Technologies. Every element of this system is innovative in the sense of exceptionally high performance at low cost. We will discuss the applicability of using several unique 2D liquid crystal spatial light modulators as correcting elements. We will discuss feedback vs. feed-forward implementations of control law, as well as many practical considerations of full implementation. Other possible medical, industrial, and scientific applications of this affordable, high performance AO technology will be presented.
In this paper we present a status report of our liquid crystal (LC) adaptive optics program. Liquid crystal have been proposed to be used for adaptive optics components by several authors. We are actively pursuing a two prong approach, on one side we have built a closed loop test bed based on a 127 element nematic LC device; on the other side we are actively involved in research on the ferroelectric side of the LC devices. In this paper we present preliminary results from our testbed. The essential elements of this testbed are a Shack-Hartman based wavefront sensors with an analog reconstructor, and the 127 nematic elements from Meadowlark Optics. Some of the basic experimental parameters will be reviewed, and result will be discussed. Furthermore we will present the status of our activity in the field of ferroelectric LC. Several prototypes are under testing to establish their capabilities as AO components.
KEYWORDS: Wavefront sensors, Analog electronics, CCD cameras, Cameras, Wavefronts, Signal to noise ratio, Sensors, Quantum efficiency, Data acquisition, Charge-coupled devices
The contradiction inherent in high temporal bandwidth adaptive optics wavefront sensing at low-light-levels (LLL) has driven many researchers to consider the use of high bandwidth high quantum efficiency (QE) CCD cameras with the lowest possible readout noise levels. Unfortunately, the performance of these relatively expensive and low production volume devices in the photon counting regime is inevitably limited by readout noise, no matter how arbitrarily close to zero that specification may be reduced. Our alternative approach is to optically couple a new and relatively inexpensive Ultra Blue Gen III image intensifier to an also relatively inexpensive high bandwidth CCD camera with only moderate QE and high rad noise. The result is a high bandwidth broad spectral response image intensifier with a gain of 55,000 at 560 nm. Use of an appropriately selected lenslet array together with coupling optics generates 16 X 16 Shack-Hartmann type subapertures on the image intensifier photocathode, which is imaged onto the fast CCD camera. An integral A/D converter in the camera sends the image data pixel by pixel to a computer data acquisition system for analysis, storage and display. Timing signals are used to decode which pixel is being rad out and the wavefront is calculated in an analog fashion using a least square fit to both x and y tilt data for all wavefront sensor subapertures. Finally, we present system level performance comparisons of these new concept wavefront sensors versus the more standard low noise CCD camera based designs in the low-light-level limit.
A two multi-ro telescope interferometer was built at Air Force Research Lab in Albuquerque New Mexico as a development testbed. The principal objective of this testbed is to develop existing techniques and to test novel low-cost technologies for applications in future interferometers. These technologies include a tip/tilt piston mirror that has a 500-Hz bandwidth with a 200-wave adjustable piston capability at 633nm. This type of mirror has been installed on both telescopes and is used to track objects and scan for fringes. The data obtained on these objects will be used to determine algorithms for measuring fringe visibility at low light level. Additional technologies include liquid crystal devices that have been used to correct static aberrations in the optical system and will be used with a new wavefront sensing technique to correct low order atmospheric aberrations. The new wavefront sensor currently being developed in-house uses a GEN III intensifier optically coupled to a Dalsa camera to provide atmospheric correction on faint extended objects. The testbed will also be utilized to test single mode fiber optics as a replacement to traditional recombining optics. This will potentially reduce the cost and simplify the alignment of multi telescope interferometers.
In this paper we present a status report of our single mode (SM) fiber work for interferometry. In the past two years two experiments have been carried out by our group at the Maui Space Surveillance Site linking two 1.2 meter telescopes using single mode fibers and obtaining white light fringes on (alpha) Bootis. During this experiment we were able to measure coupling efficiency between atmospherically degraded images, D/r0 approximately 10, and the fibers using a tip/tilt mirror on each of the two telescopes. We compared our results with theoretical calculations. Furthermore we will present some of the experimental result and 'lesson learned'. We will also present the progress on our multi-core single mode fibers program. We have a first four core prototype under test and preliminary results will be presented.
The University ofPuerto Rico, Mayaguez, in conjunction with the Deep Space Surveillance Branch (DEBS) ofthe USAF Research Laboratory (AFRL) Phillips Site (PL) in Albuquerque, NM is initiating an Adaptive Optics (AO) Interferometry program. The program will begin with four projects. We currently have finding for a three element optical interferometer, described in this paper, using Technology developed at DEBS, for a new wavefront sensor and a Liquid Crystal (LC) wavefront compensator being presented at this meeting'9.and a Low Light Level Fringe Tracker (LLLFT)"6'1"24 Michelson: Interferometer. We are also developing a program to put a similarly configured inexpensive two-element interferometer test-bed in orbit. The interferometer would have optical elements on a 10-meter boom. It will use Aperture Synthesis by rotation and motion ofthe elements along the booms. The third project under development would incorporate the initial 3-element interferometer into a larger array with the additional collaboration ofNew Mexico Tech and New Mexico State University at a 10,600' site near Socorro, NM. As part ofthe ground based interferometry effort we are trying to develop inexpensive meter class telescopes. The 0.75meter telescopes we are building for our small interferometer will serve as prototypes and system test-beds. The telescopes will be robotic, remotely operable, essentially self-orienting, and portable. We hope to produce such systems for commercial distribution for approximately $250K each. All ofthe ground-based interferometric systems will be configured for remote operation and independent use ofsub-arrays while upgrades and repairs are underway. The major thrust ofthe UPR effort will be to develop inexpensive interferometers for diverse applications with the low light level capabilities and the LC adaptive optics developed at the Phillips Site. Particular applications will be for high-resolution astronomy and satellite imaging. The adaptive optics will be such that they can be placed on the individual telescopes and are not part ofthe interferometer. They will then serve as templates fbr AO systems ofgeneral interest. As an additional part ofall ofthese projects we will try to develop the use ofoptical fibers for several applications. We would like to couple the telescopes with fiber if we can develop an efficient way to couple the output signal from the telescope to the fibers. in addition we hope to use fiber stretchers for optical path compensation to replace expensive conventional optical delay lines. Key words; adaptive optics, interferometer, Liquid Crystal wavefront compensation
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