Discrete multi-tone (DMT) technology is an attractive modulation technology for short-reach application due to its high
spectral efficiency and simple configuration. In this paper, we first explain the features of DMT technology then discuss
the impact of fiber dispersion and chirp on the frequency responses of the DMT signal and the importance in the
relationship between chirp and the optical transmission band. Next, we explain our experiments of 100-Gb/s DMT
transmission of 10 km in the O-band using directly modulated lasers for low-cost application. In an inter-datacenter
network of more than several tens of kilometers, fiber dispersion mainly limits system performance. We also discuss our
experiment of 100-Gb/s DMT transmission up to 100 km in the C-band without a dispersion compensator by using
vestigial sideband spectrum shaping and nonlinear compensation.
Optical performance monitoring (OPM) is considered as an important tool in order to operate and manage dynamic, flexible, and thus complex photonic networks. In this paper, firstly we review recent studies on OPM and discuss its possible applications, such as failure diagnosis of transmitter, receiver, and other transport equipment, optimization of system reach design, and so on. We then present two different types of in-band OSNR monitor, consisting of an optical bandpass filter, a photo-detector, and a signal processer. Since the proposed monitor might be realized by the same hardware implementation as an optical channel monitor (OCM), this is potentially integrated with an OCM in a low-cost fashion. We also explain a BER monitor, which is realized by the same hardware configuration as the above in-band OSNR monitor. The BER in the method is estimated by monitoring OSNR including nonlinear noise as noise source and taking the imperfection of Tx, Rx, and other equipment into account. Finally we develop FPGA-based optical performance monitor prototype and experimentally demonstrate successful monitoring performance.
KEYWORDS: Modulation, Laser sintering, Signal to noise ratio, Forward error correction, Transmitters, Numerical simulations, Single mode fibers, Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing, Data conversion, Multiplexers
Discrete multi-tone (DMT) technology is an attractive modulation technique for short reach optical transmission system. One of the main factors that limit system performance is fiber dispersion, which is strongly influenced by the chirp characteristics of transmitters. We investigated the fiber dispersion impairment in a 400GbE (4 × 116.1-Gb/s) DMT system on LAN-WDM grid for reach enhancement up to 40 km through experiments and numerical simulations.
Digital nonlinear compensation techniques have been thought to be keys to realize further spectrally efficient optical fiber communication systems. The most critical issue of the digital nonlinear compensation algorithms has been their computational complexity, or gate count of digital signal processing circuit. Among several approaches, digital nonlinear compensation algorithms based on perturbation analysis are attractive in terms of the hardware efficiency because the algorithms can compensate the accumulated nonlinear noise over all transmission spans with only one stage. In this paper, we discuss three approaches to sophisticate the perturbation nonlinear compensation. First, we illustrate a perturbation-based post-equalization method to improve the robustness to transceiver device imperfections. We next propose and numerically evaluate a symbol degeneration method to extend the perturbation nonlinear compensation methods to higher-order QAM without increasing the computational complexity. Finally, we discuss a sub-band processing of perturbation nonlinear compensation for further computational complexity reduction. By combining the perturbation method with Nyquist frequency division multiplexing, the computational complexity of perturbation calculation is reduced by a factor of more than 10 for 3000-km single-channel transmission of 128 Gbit/s dualpolarization QPSK with only 0.1 dB performance degradation.
Advanced multi-level modulation is an attractive modulation technique for beyond 100 Gbps short reach optical transmission system. Above all, discrete multi-tone (DMT) technique and pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) technique are the strong candidates.
We compared the 100 Gbps transmission characteristics of DMT and PAM by simulation and experiment. The comparison was done by using same devices and only the digital signal processing was changed. We studied the transmission distance dependence for 0.5 to 40 km and the impact of the frequency responses of the optical devices. Finally we discuss the features of the both modulation techniques.
The high complexity of conventional intra-channel nonlinearity compensation algorithms, such as back-propagation,
is considered as the major obstacle for the implementation. To reduce the complexity, perturbation analysis is
applied because it considers multi-span transmission as one stage. In those perturbation based algorithms, such as
perturbation back-propagation (PBP) and perturbation pre-distortion, the number of required compensation stage is
much less than that of conventional back-propagation. To reduce the complexity further, the multi-tap finite impulse
response filter (FIR) in PBP is replaced with one-tap infinite impulse response (IIR) filter. The number of required
compensation stage of IIR PBP is only 15% of conventional back-propagation, whereas the complexity of each stage
is almost same. In perturbation pre-distortion, the proposed perturbation combination reduces the number of terms
from 19732 to 41, whereas no performance degradation is observed.
KEYWORDS: Modulation, Receivers, Single mode fibers, Transmitters, Optical amplifiers, Signal to noise ratio, Data conversion, Digital signal processing, Laser sintering, Signal processing
We experimentally evaluated the transmission performance of discrete multi-tone (DMT) modulation at wavelengths in
the 1300-nm and 1550-nm regions and analyzed the degradation factors. By using their countermeasures to extend
transmission distance, we realized the capacity of 100 Gbps with 2WDM x 50 Gbps over 80 km. To our knowledge, this
work is the highest capacity in 80-km transmission system using direct modulation and direct detection.
These results show that the DMT modulation can be used to realize high capacity transceiver with simple and cost
effective configuration for the bi-directional transmission system like a passive optical network.
KEYWORDS: Modulators, Modulation, Transmitters, Dispersion, Laser sintering, Interferometers, Digital signal processing, Transceivers, Signal to noise ratio, Receivers
Discrete multi-tone (DMT) technology is an attractive modulation technique for short reach optical transmission system.
One of the main factors that limit the performance of the 1.5-m band DMT system is the interplay between the
chromatic dispersion of the transmission fiber and the chirp characteristic of the transmitter.
We experimentally measured and compared the chirp characteristics of various modulator configurations, which are
lithium-niobate Mach-Zehnder modulator, directly modulated laser, and electro-absorption modulator, by the frequency
discriminator method using MZ interferometer. We also measured and compared the transmission characteristics of the
transmitters using above-mentioned modulators and discuss the suitable transmitter configuration for DMT technology.
Nonlinear distortion is one of the major obstacles in DWDM systems with enhanced spectral efficiencies. In this paper
several approaches to address the issue of nonlinear impairments by means of digital signal processing are discussed.
Firstly, implementation-efficient and novel intra-channel nonlinear compensation schemes are proposed; one is based on
digital pre-distortion at the transmitter end and the other is based on digital back-propagation at the receiver end. The
virtues of the two approaches and implications to various applications are discussed; the pre-distortion technique is in
particular advantageous with QPSK modulation format; on the other hand, the improved version of digital back-propagation
is attractive in transceivers with adaptive or variable modulation/demodulation. Second, digital signal
processing algorithms to counteract inter-channel nonlinearities, namely cross-phase modulation, are discussed;
nonlinear polarization crosstalk canceller (NPCC) is proposed for mitigating the impact of nonlinear-induced fast
polarization crosstalk in dual-polarization systems (in the speed beyond MHz), which is too fast to be tracked by
ordinary polarization demultiplexing algorithms; improvement to the carrier phase recovery circuit and its combination
with NPCC are even more useful for further performance improvement. Numerical and experimental data are introduced
to support the above discussions.
KEYWORDS: Polarization, Receivers, Phase shift keying, Modulation, Digital signal processing, Oscillators, Dispersion, Signal processing, Optical filters, Digital filtering
Digital coherent receivers with data-rates of 100 Gbit/s based on dual-polarization quaternary phase shift keying (DPQPSK)
have become a reality. One research trend is now directing towards even higher bit-rates of 400 Gbit/s and 1
Tbit/s. However, it is also very desirable to improve the performance of the current basic 100 Gbit/s DP-QPSK.
Algorithms have a huge improvement potential and exemplary recent advances will be introduced in this paper.
A simple, adaptive PMD compensator is demonstrated in a 1.76Terabit/s (44 x 43 Gbit/s) transmission experi-
ment over 600km SMF with a mean PMD of 8 ps. The PMDC is composed of a LiNbO3 polarization-controller
followed by a component with an adjustable differential group delay (DGD) in the range of 0-20 ps. Feedback
control is provided by means of continuously monitoring and maximizing the degree of polarization (DOP).
This PMDC is shown to automatically compensate well for 1st-order (0-28 ps) and one part - the depolarization
- of 2nd-order (0-130 ps2) PMD. Polarization dependent chromatic dispersion (PCD), being the other part of
2nd-order PMD, is negligible as long transmission systems without a PMDC are considered. But in fact PCD
plays a role when an optical PMDC is introduced. Because of the anyway tight tolerance of 40 Gbit/s optical
signals to chromatic dispersion, the variable dispersion compensator VIPA (virtually imaged phased array) with
a tuning range of +/-800 ps/nm is introduced besides the PMDC. Therefore, with VIPA not only residual chro-
matic dispersion put also PCD is e®ectively compensated for. Using adaptive optical technologies compensating
for PMD and chromatic dispersion, error-free transmission (BER< 10¡15 with FEC, Q-margin=3 dB) of 44 x
43 Gbit/s (1.76 Tbit/s) over 600km of high PMD (8 ps) SMF is demonstrated.
We demonstrate the combined effects of SPM, GVD, and PMD-induced eye-diagram penalties by means of numerical simulations for 40Gbit/s NRZ and RZ modulation formats. Considering all orders of PMD, we choose a fixed state of input polarization (SOIP) and do the simulation 1000 times for each input average power, and then get the Q-penalty of eye-diagram by exponential extrapolation method for cumulative probability 10-5. When input average power is less than 0dBm, SPM effect is very weak and GVD is compensated completely, only PMD takes effect in this power area. The Q-penalties are constants for NRZ and RZ with different PMD values. As input average power increasing, SPM takes effect gradually. First order PMID can suspend the SPM affection, and the higher PMD value, the more postponement is observed. The Q-penalty contributed by higher order PMID has close relation with spectrum width of signal. For NRZ signal with chirp=-0.7, the interactions between SPM and chirp can decrease spectrum width of signal; the Q-penalty contributed by higher order PMD will decrease correspondingly. For RZ with duty 0.3, the changing of the root mean square (RMS) spectrum width induced by the interactions of SPM and chirp is not obviously in this case, the Q-penalties of SPM+GVD+PMD increase consistently. When SPM effect is too strong (For example: for NRZ, average power larger than 10dBm; for RZ with duty 0.3, average power larger than 6dBm.), the interactions of SPM+GVD+PMD will cause the seriously degradation of system performance for any duty cycle and PMID value. Under our simulation conditions, the narrower pulse-width, the less Q-penalty until duty cycle decreases to 0. 1.
In this paper, the characteristics of higher-order PMD up to third order and its impact on transmission systems are mainly studied. Based on the concept of second order principal states of polarization (PSPs) put forward in the paper, the covered ranges of higher-order PMD parameters with the increasing instantaneous differential group delay (DGD) value are investigated by simulation. It shows that the upper covered range of PSP rotation rate decreases rapidly with increasing instantaneous DGD until the DGD reaches the PMD value of the fiber, and then continues to slowly decrease. This may cause serious signal distortion due to fast PSP rotation rate even DGD at the low value. Furthermore, to that of the second order PSP rotation rate and that of second order PMD vector magnitude, they increase simultaneously with increasing instantaneous DGD until the DGD reaches about 2 times PMD value of the fiber, then turn to decrease. This may has an impact on the performance of higher-order PMD compensators. At the same time, the simulation results show that higher-order PMD parameters can impose serious signal distortion on 40 Gbit/s systems and the higher PMD value, the higher higher-order PMD influence on signal distortion.
An effective way to evaluate the performance of PMD compensation, which uses a proposed polarization-mode dispersion (PMD) emulator, has been studied recently. In this paper, we first present a theoretical analysis on a special model of PMD-emulator (PMDE), then explain the first and second-order PMD effects, which are very useful to value the impact of high-order PMD on pulse. Numerical and experimental results show that PMDE can emulate the statistics property and cover the range of high-order parameter of the real fiber successfully. The impact of second-order PMD on pulse for 40Gbit/s optical fiber communication is also presented as the simulation results.
In this paper, a fiber-optic polarimetric temperature sensor is presented. As the sensing element, a single-mode fiber coiled on a cylindrical former with a high thermal expansion coefficient is used. For the construction of a very small sensor, a special fiber with very low bending losses is chosen. The birefringence of the fiber changes with former radius and is determined by suing a measurement setup for full polarization transfer matrix analysis of the sensor. This scheme is independent on fiber leads.
In the application of fiber optic polarimetric sensors two major problems occur: (1) the influence of the connecting fibers and (2) the influence of internal birefringence in the sensing area which has not to be constant over its whole length. In the following paper we describe a method which overcomes these problems by analyzing the polarization transfer matrix of the sensor element and we show the results for a fiber optic polarimetric current sensor.
Rotatable fiber loops are commonly used to change the state of polarization in fiber optic transmission systems. As an improvement of such a system we describe a feedback controlled polarization transformer which operates at its output prot as a polarization synthesizer. The whole setup allows a very efficient polarization adjustment with a stable and well known state of polarization.
This paper describes a polarization analyzer for the determination of the polarization state inside a single-mode fiber. Four different detection points formed by grinding off the cladding on one side of the fiber are used for measurement. A small part of the light is coupled out at these points and is measured by a standard photodetector placed just on top of the polished areas. At each of the detection points, a polarization dependent signal can be obtained. Hence, a relationship between these signals and the polarization at the end of the fiber can be found by calibrating this measurement instrument with a classical off-line polarization analyzer. Concluding we realized a measurement instrument which not only determines the polarization but also can adjust any wanted polarization state at the fiber output of the instrument.
Optical attenuators and powermeters are very important parts of the test equipment for fiber optic systems. A simple way to reach attenuation is by bending the fiber. This method suffers under the problem of limited reproducibility. We have combined an optical fiber bending attenuator with in-line power couplers at the optical input and output of the device. This allows simultaneous measurement of optical power and controlled reproducible setting of attenuation. The instrument has less than 2 dB insertion loss and reaches attenuation down to -55 dBm limited by system noise.
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