In October 2018, NATO SET-249 performed a common trial at WTD 52, Oberjettenberg, Germany, to study laser dazzle effects in an airborne scenario. The facility is equipped with a cable car and is ideal for slanted path experiments from the base station to the cable car where the sensors were mounted. NATO SET-249’s background is laser threat evaluation and the evaluation of the impact of laser eye dazzle on the visual performance of humans. This work gives an overview on the various measurements performed here: 1. Assessment of dazzle effects originating from light scattering at an aircraft canopy by comparing the images of two cameras: one outside and one inside the canopy. The general findings showed that the canopy, which had been used previously on an aircraft, substantially affected the dazzle pattern in the camera within the canopy as compared to the camera outside. 2. Sensor dazzling: Laser dazzling of complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) cameras in the visible domain and, in addition, laser dazzling of a camera equipped with a fisheye lens, which is commonly present in micro-unmanned aerial vehicles, is demonstrated. The dazzled area in the camera field of view (FoV) grows with increasing laser irradiance, and dazzling is effective at irradiance levels around a few μW/cm². 3. An overview on realistic handheld laser engagement scenarios to test the capabilities of a DSTL-developed Laser Event Recorder (LER) is provided. This technology is able to detect continuous wave (CW) and pulsed lasers, and extract their wavelengths, irradiances, Pulse Repetition Frequency (PRF) and directionality. Applications for this LER include collecting information on aircraft laser exposure events, giving information to assess if engagements are eye safe. 4. Measurements performed on various Fraunhofer IOSB developed sensor systems hardened against laser dazzle: The hardening measure of these systems is based either on the use of spatial light modulators or on the implementation of the principle of complementary wavelength bands. The field trial offered the possibility to generate data of the hardened systems under real life conditions.
The detection and classification of small surface targets at long ranges is a growing need for naval security. This paper
will present an overview of a measurement campaign which took place in the Baltic Sea in November 2014. The purpose
was to test active and passive EO sensors (10 different types) for the detection, tracking and identification of small sea
targets. The passive sensors were covering the visual, SWIR, MWIR and LWIR regions. Active sensors operating at 1.5
μm collected data in 1D, 2D and 3D modes. Supplementary sensors included a weather station, a scintillometer, as well
as sensors for positioning and attitude determination of the boats.
Three boats in the class 4-9 meters were used as targets. After registration of the boats at close range they were sent out
to 5-7 km distance from the sensor site. At the different ranges the target boats were directed to have different aspect angles
relative to the direction of observation.
Staff from IOSB Fraunhofer in Germany and from Selex (through DSTL) in UK took part in the tests beside FOI who
was arranging the trials. A summary of the trial and examples of data and imagery will be presented.
KEYWORDS: Visibility, LIDAR, Backscatter, Mass attenuation coefficient, Cameras, Aerosols, Visibility through fog, Sensors, Modulation transfer functions, Signal attenuation
Laser rangefinders are used in various electro-optical (EO) fire control systems. They often operate at eye-safe wavelengths around 1.55 μm, which extends their utility. The paper investigates the use of a modified eye-safe laser rangefinder at 1.55 μm to obtain information on atmospheric attenuation and couple that information to the performance of active and passive EO sensors with an emphasis of lower visibility conditions. Such information can be of great value both for estimating own sensor capabilities at a given moment as well as estimating the threat capability. One obvious example is ship defense where it is difficult to obtain visibility along variable and slant atmospheric paths, especially in darkness. The experimental equipment and the results from measurements of atmospheric backscatter along various atmospheric paths are presented. The backscatter curve is used to evaluate the extinction. These extinction values are compared with those deduced from a point visibility meter and from echo measurements against two similar nets positioned at two ranges from the sensor. TV and IR images of test targets along a 1.8 km path close to sea surface in the Baltic Sea were collected in parallel with the lidar. A weather station and a scintillometer collected weather and turbulence parameters. Results correlating the lidar attenuation with the imaging performance will be given.
The present paper investigates the use of an eye-safe laser rangefinder at 1.5 μm and TV/IR imaging to obtain
information on atmospheric properties at various paths close to the sea surface. On one day active/passive imaging NIR
and SWIR systems were also used. The paper will describe the experimental equipment and the results from
measurements of atmospheric backscatter as well as TV and IR images of test targets along a 1.8 km path close to the
Baltic Sea. The site also contained a weather station and a scintillometer for logging weather and turbulence parameters.
Results correlating the lidar attenuation with the imaging performance will be given and compared with models.
A growing problem for the Police and Security Forces has been to prevent potentially hostile individuals to pass a checkpoint, without using lethatl violence. Therefore the question has been if there is a laser or any other strong light source that could be used as a warning and dazzling device, without lethal or long term effects. To investigate the possibilities a field trial has been performed at a motor-racing track. A green CW laser with an irradiance on the eye of maximum 0.5 MPE, as defined by ICNIRP [1] and the ANZI standard [2], was used as a dazzle source. Ten drivers have been driving with dipped headlights through a course of three lines with orange cones. In every line there has been only one gate wide enough to pass without hitting the cones. The time through the course, the choice of gates and the number of cones hit have been measured. For every second trial drive through the track, the driver was exposed to the laser dazzler. The background illuminances ranged from a thousand lux in daylight to about ten millilux in darkness. The protective effect of the sun-visor of the car was investigated. The drives visual system was carefully examined before and after experimental driving and a few weeks after the experimental driving to verify that no pathological effects, that could potentially be induced by the laser exposure, pre-existed or occurred after the laser exposure. An analysis of variance for a within subjects design has been used for evaluation. It was found that green laser light can have an obvious warning effect in daylight. Dazzling does reduce the drivers ability to make judgments and manouver the car in twilight and darkness. A sun-visor can reduce the glare and give the driver an improved control, but that perception can be unjustified. No damage to the visual system was observed.
KEYWORDS: Modulation, Modulators, Eye, Sensors, Signal to noise ratio, Signal detection, Transceivers, Free space optics, Retroreflectors, Optical communications
An optical communication link with a modulated retro-reflector in a cat's eye optics arrangement has been evaluated. A
transmissive multiple quantum well modulator with a modulation bandwidth in excess of 10 MHz was placed in a wide
field-of-view cat's eye optic system. A laser transceiver with one line and one broadband source around 1550 nm was
used to interrogate the modulated retro-reflector and detect the reflected and modulated signal. Multi-level digital
encoding was evaluated as a way to increase the information transfer rate in conditions with relatively high signal-to-noise
ratio. The links were evaluated in indoor as well as outdoor conditions.
A novel retrocommunication link utilizing reflective multiple quantum well (MQW) optical modulators and nonmechanical beam steering and tracking is demonstrated. Large aperture reflective MQW modulators using AlGaAs/GaAs are optimized and manufactured. The modulators exhibit a contrast ratio larger than 4:1 and a modulation bandwidth of 10 MHz. Nonmechanical beam steering and tracking are studied using nematic liquid crystal (NLC) spatial light modulators (SLMs). The communication link is comprised of a retromodulating array with four MQW modulators and a transceiver using a NLC SLM for beam steering and tracking. Transfer of audio, real-time image data and pseudorandom bit sequences over 100-m range while tracking the moving retromodulator is shown. The link is capable of transferring data at approximately 8 Mbps.
Retrocommunication is a new technique for asymmetric free-space optical communication that has attracted interest during recent years. Novel technologies such as multiple quantum well (MQW) optical modulators and non-mechanical laser beam steering and tracking have been studied for implementation in a retrocommunication link. Large and small aperture reflective AlGaAs/GaAs MQW modulators were optimised and fabricated. The modulators exhibit high contrast ratios (from 5 to 100) and high modulation rates (up to 16 Mbit/s). A retroreceiver consisting of four large aperture MQW modulators, associated optics and drive electronics was fabricated. Nematic liquid crystal spatial light modulators have been evaluated, characterised for beam steering and tracking and implemented in a transceiver. Small area MQW modulators, used in focal plane configurations, were studied for static communication links. Results from a novel retrocommunication link utilising a retroreceiver and non-mechanical laser beam steering and tracking will be presented. Bit rates of 8 Mbit/s were observed during non-mechanical tracking of a moving retroreceiver over 100 m range. The demonstrator system was capable of transferring audio-, real-time images or bit streams. The demonstrated principles show promising features for future low weight free-space communication links. Performance calculations including requirements for a retrocommunication link using MQW modulators and non-mechanical beam steering are discussed.
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