KEYWORDS: Laser systems engineering, Systems modeling, Laser optics, Pulsed laser operation, Near field, National Ignition Facility, Near field optics, Algorithm development, Laser induced damage, Laser development
Local temporal shot-to-shot variation of a high-energy laser system is measured in order to model the maximum fluence
that any location on the optic will be exposed to after N shots (Max-of-N). We constructed a model to derive an
equivalent-Max-of-N fluence distribution from a series of shots of differing energy and contrast in order to calculate
damage initiation and optics lifetime. This model allows prediction for Max-of-N effects when direct measurements of
the fluence distribution are not available. Comparison to different laser systems will be presented in order to gain insight
as to the physical origins of the Max-of-N effect.
Laser conditioning, i.e. pre-exposure to less than damaging laser fluence, has been shown to improve the damage resistance of KDP/DKDP frequency conversion crystals. We have extended our damage model, small absorbing precursors with a distribution of sizes, to describe various damage related properties such as damage density and effects of laser conditioning in crystals. The model assumes the rate limiting process for both initiation and conditioning depends on temperature and that separate threshold temperatures exist for either conditioning or damage initiation to occur. This is reasonable in KDP/DKDP since the melting temperature is far below the temperatures associated with plasma formation and damage events. This model is capable of accounting for some recently observed damage-conditioning behaviors.
We summarize recent investigations of the density and morphology of bulk damage in KDP crystals as a function of pulse duration, temporal profile, wavelength, and energy fluence. As previously reported by Runkel et al.1, we also find that the size of bulk damage sites varies roughly linearly with pulse duration for pulses between 1 ns and 9 ns. However this trend no longer applies at pulse durations below 1 ns. Experiments measuring the damage density and size distribution as a function of wavelength confirm many previous works which indicated a strong dependence of damage density with wavelength. However, we also find that the size of damage sites is relatively insensitive to wavelength. Further we see damage due to Flat-In-Time (FIT) pulses has different pulse length and fluence dependence than Gaussian pulses. We demonstrate that a simple thermal diffusion model can account for observed differences in damage densities due to square and Gaussian temporally shaped pulses of equal fluence. Moreover, we show that the key laser parameter governing size of the bulk damage sites is the length of time the pulse remains above a specific intensity. The different dependences of damage density and damage site size on laser parameters suggest different absorption mechanisms early and late in the damaging pulse.
The Feit-Rubenchik size-selection damage model has been extended in a number of ways. More realistic thermal deposition profiles have been added. Non-spherical shapes (rods and plates) have been considered, with allowance for their orientation dependence. Random variations have been taken into account. An explicit form for the change of absorptivity with precursor size has been added. A simulation tool called GIDGET has been built to allow adjustment of the many possible parameters in order to fit experimental data of initiation density as a function of fluence and pulse duration. The result is a set of constraints on the possible properties of initiation precursors.
The National Ignition Facility (NIF) laser will use a 192- beam multi-pass architecture capable of delivering several MJ of UV energy in temporal phase formats varying from sub- ns square to 20 ns precisely-defined high-contrast shapes. Each beam wavefront will be subjected to effects of optics inhomogeneities, figuring errors, mounting distortions, prompt and slow thermal effects from flashlamps, driven and passive air-path turbulence, and gravity-driven deformations. A 39-actuator intra-cavity deformable mirror, controlled by data from a 77-lenslet Hartman sensor will be used to correct these wavefront aberrations and thus to assure that stringent farfield spot requirements are met. We have developed numerical models for the expected distortions, the operation of the adaptive optics systems, and the anticipated effects on beam propagation, component damage, frequency conversion, and target-plane energy distribution. These models have been extensively validated against data from LLNL's Beamlet, and Amplab lasers. We review the expected beam wavefront aberrations and their potential for adverse effects on the laser performance, describe our model of the corrective system operation, and display our predictions for corrected-beam operation of the NIF laser.
The performance of the National Ignition Facility (NIF), especially in terms of laser focusability, will be determined by several key factors. One of these key factors is the optical specification of the thousands of large aperture optics that will comprise the 192 beamlines. We have previously reported on the importance of the specification of the power spectral density (PSD) on NIF performance. Recently, we have been studying the importance of long spatial wavelength phase errors on focusability. We have concluded that the preferred metric for determining the impact of these long spatial wavelength phase errors is the rms phase gradient. In this paper, we outline the overall approach to NIF optical specifications, detail the impact of the rms phase gradient on NIF focusability, discuss its trade-off with the PSD in determining the spot size, and review measurements of optics similar to those to be manufactured for NIF.
Mark Henesian, P. Renard, Jerome Auerbach, John Caird, B. Ehrlich, Steven Haney, John Hunt, Janice Lawson, Kenneth Manes, David Milam, Richard Sacks, Lynn Seppala, I. Smith, David Speck, Calvin Thompson, Bruno Van Wonterghem, Paul Wegner, Timothy Weiland, C. Clay Widmayer, Wade Williams, John Trenholme
An exhaustive set of Beamlet and Nova laser system simulations were performed over a wide range of power levels in order to gain understanding about the statistical trends in Nova and Beamlet's experimental data sets, and to provide critical validation of propagation tools and design `rules' applied to the 192-arm National Ignition Facility at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.
The effect of a change in the system parameters upon the one micron laser's power, energy and beam quality will be discussed. The parameters varied in the study were the optical losses, the gain and gain profile of the amplifiers. Additionally, the effect upon power, energy and beam quality as a function of slab count and position will be presented.
KEYWORDS: National Ignition Facility, Data modeling, Optimization (mathematics), Optical amplifiers, Switches, Amplifiers, Frequency conversion, Parallel processing, Data conversion, Thermography
The design of the National Ignition Facility (NIF) is the result of optimization studies that maximized laser performance and reliability within a restricted cost budget. We modeled the laser using a suite of tools that included a 1D propagation code, a frequency conversion code, a 2D ray trace code for calculating the gain profile, thermo- mechanical codes for calculating the pump-induced distortions in the slabs, a database giving estimates of optics bulk/finish quality, and costing models of the laser/building. By exploiting parallel processing, we were able to consider approximately 750 possible designs per hour using a cluster of 28 workstations. For our optimization studies, we used a temporally shaped (ICF indirect drive) pulse producing at least 2.2 MJ and 600 TW in a 600 micron diameter hole at the target entrance plane. We varied as many as 20 design variables (e.g., slab counts, slab thickness, Nd concentration, amplifier pulse length) and applied as many as 40 constants (e.g., flashlamp voltage and fluence damage/filamentation at various points in the chain). We did not vary the number of beamlets (fixed at 192 or the aperture (fixed at 40 cm). We used three different optimization approaches: a variable metric algorithm, an exhaustive grid search of more than 50,000 candidate designs, and a parabolic interpolation scheme. All three approaches gave similar results. Moreover, a graphical analysis of the parameter scan data (analogous to sorting and pruning designs using a spreadsheet) has allowed us to understand why the optimizers eliminated alternate designs. The most inexpensive main-switch-boot slab configuration meeting the mission requirements and satisfying all constraints was 9-5-3. The cost of this configuration is approximately $DOL10M less than the 9-5-5 conceptual design. However, the NIF Project has chosen a slightly more expensive 11-0-7 configuration for continued Title I engineering because of its similarity to the Beamlet 11-0-5 design and a lower B-integral.
P. Renard, C. Clay Widmayer, Jerome Auerbach, Scott Haney, Mark Henesian, John Hunt, Janice Lawson, Kenneth Manes, David Milam, Charles Orth, Richard Sacks, David Speck, John Trenholme, Wade Williams
The near field irradiance parameters at the interface between the one micron laser, the UV generation, and transport subsystem will be discussed. The test results obtained from the Beamlet and Nova lasers used to validate the mathematical models will be presented.
We discuss aspects of adaptive optics optimization for large fusion laser systems such as the 192-arm National Ignition Facility (NIF) at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. By way of example we considered the discrete actuator deformable mirror and Hartmann sensor system used on the Beamlet laser. Beamlet is a single-aperture prototype of the 11-0-5 slab amplifier design for NIF, and so we expect similar optical distortion levels and deformable mirror correction requirements. We are now in the process of developing a numerically efficient object oriented C++ language implementation of our adaptive optics and wavefront sensor code, but this code is not yet operational. The results shown below are based instead on the prototype algorithms, coded-up in an integrated array processing computer language.
Design optimization of the 1 .8 MJ, 500 TW National Ignition Facility (NIF) laser has proceeded with the use of a suite of new computational models. Cost-effectiveness of alternative fundamental architectures was considered using CHAINOP. A very fast, lumped-element energetics code, CHA1NOP includes an extensive cost database, a runtime choice of optimization algorithm, and a set of heuristic rules for diffraction and nonlinear effects and for operational constraints. Its ability to flexibly consider many alternative configurations at a few seconds per chain made it the ideal "first-cut" tool for narrowing the investigation to the switched, multi-pass cavity architecture that was chosen.
The possibility to control an intensity distribution in the far field of a powerful laser system by high-frequency moving the position of a focal spot is considered. Quadruple electro-optic deflector (beam wiggler) on the base of LiNbO3 crystal installed in resonance cavity has been developed and constructed. The main parameters of the device are as follows: amplitude of the angular deflection plus or minus 4 dif.limit, clear aperture 1 cm, the deflector is designed for operation at 6.5 GHz powerful microwave source. Results of beam wiggler dynamic testing are presented and discussed.
This report presents results of a study of reabsorbed spontaneous emission (RSE) influence on the spatial inversion distribution in an active medium of large phosphate slab. Experimental results are also presented for a model case of active medium pumping by monopulse second harmonic of Nd-glass laser having specific profile of spatial distribution. RSE is observed for this case. A model is proposed for RSE simulation in solid bodies of arbitrary shape. It is shown that RSE influence is taken into account completely by first approximation, considering the rest fluorescence part of active medium to be an additional source of pump in order to define inversion in the arbitrary point of active medium. Fluorescence kinetics coincides with numerical results of a model experiment. Calculations are carried out of inversion redistribution due to RSE in a large aperture slab of phosphate glass demonstrating that spatial distribution distortions of inversion are small by the moment when inversion maximum is achieved, however, 10 - 12% of stored energy may relate to RSE effect at the absence of amplified spontaneous emission (ASE). Fluorescence kinetics measurements are carried out over slab cross-section demonstrating good agreement with model results.
A perturbation theory has been developed to calculate the transfer of electric field amplitude and phase ripples from the first harmonic to either the second harmonic or the third harmonic. The theory is restricted to steady-state conversion processes. In the case of small phase gradients, the real and imaginary parts of the output harmonic ripple are related to the real and imaginary parts of the input perturbation by a 2 multiplied by 2 matrix. To confirm the validity of the perturbation theory, we have performed an initial set of experiments on the Optical Sciences Laser to investigate the transfer of a weak ripple from the first harmonic to the second harmonic.
This paper describes the use of Fourier techniques to characterize the wavefront of optical components, specifically, the use of the power spectral density (PSD) function. The PSDs of several precision optical components will be shown. Many of the optical components of interest to us have square, rectangular or irregularly shaped apertures with major dimensions up to 800 mm. The wavefronts of components with noncircular apertures cannot be analyzed with Zernicke polynomials since these functions are an orthogonal set for circular apertures only. Furthermore, Zernicke analysis is limited to treating low frequency wavefront aberrations; mid-spatial scale and high frequency error are expressed only as 'residuals'. A more complete and powerful representation of the optical wavefront can be obtained by Fourier analysis in 1 or 2 dimensions. The PSD is obtained from the amplitude of frequency components present in the Fourier spectrum. The PSD corresponds to the scattered intensity as a function of scattering angle in the wavefront and can be used to describe the intensity distribution at focus. The shape of a resultant wavefront or the focal spot of a complex multi- component laser system can be calculated and optimized using the PSDs of individual optical components which comprise it.
We report on the design and fabrication of continuous contour (kinoform) phase plates for homogenizing the focal plane irradiance of high-power, inertial confinement fusion laser systems. These kinoform phase plates are designed using an iterative algorithm. They offer the flexibility of controlling the overall shape of the far-field irradiance profile and the ability to concentrate the energy within a central region of the focal profile. These properties make kinoforms superior to the conventional, binary random phase plates for many applications. Potential methods for fabrication of such kinoform phase plates are discussed.
The Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory has proposed construction of an upgrade to the Nova glass laser facility to give an output energy of 1.5-2 megajoules at 350 nanometers wavelength in a nominally 3-5 nanosecond shaped pulse. The Nova Upgrade will be suitable for driving inertial fusion targets to ignition. This paper reviews the design proposed for the laser.
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