A novel multi-parameter sensor has been proposed based on the W-type leaky fibre grating. The resonant wavelength for different mode in the reflection spectra has the same temperature sensitivity of ~9.13 pm/oC, but the reflection intensity has no dependence upon the temperature. The resonant wavelength of different mode linearly varies a little with refractive index increasing, however, its reflection intensity follows the negative exponential decay. The resonant wavelength for each mode almost linearly responds to the displacement, giving out a displacement sensitivity of 99.94 pm/mm. However, the reflection response to the displacement varies a lot. Based on these results, simple and compact multi-parameter fibre sensors are proposed based on W fibre grating.
The 5G fronthaul optical modules are the basic building block of the 5G network and WDM solutions are desired. Application code of MWDM has just been defined in ITU SG15 in December 2021 and are currently under intense study, naming draft recommendation G.owdm2. We organized the investigation and evaluation of MWDM optical modules from different vendors. Key parameters of optical/electrical interface have been tested and analyzed, including wavelength deviation, 20dB bandwidth, total mean output power, optical sensitivity, optical path penalty, eye diagram, power consumption as well as DDM function. Current commercial 25G MWDM optical modules are demonstrated capable to support transmission in O band covering almost all scenarios of 5G fronthaul.
The 5G fronthaul optical modules are the basic building block of the 5G network. With the further development of 5G, the shortage of optical fiber resources will gradually become prominent, and WDM solutions are desired. There are currently 4 WDM scheme candidates, CWDM, MWDM, LWDM and DWDM, and the debate over this issue continues. We organized the investigation and evaluation of one typical type of 25G optical modules (CWDM) from different vendors. Key parameters of optical/electrical interface have been tested and analysed, including spectrum characteristics, total mean output power, sensitivity, optical path penalty, eye diagram, power consumption as well as DDM function. Current commercial 25G CWDM optical modules are demonstrated capable to support 10 km transmission, covering almost all scenarios of 5G fronthaul.
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