We describe a variable attenuator for use with conventional IR quantum cascade or carbon dioxide lasers to create a source with widely and rapidly controllable effective radiant temperature. This would have application to testing of imagers, which must observe scenes that change rapidly between ambient background and very hot objects. The mechanism is controllably frustrated surface plasmon resonance. The device comprises an IR transparent prism with one face coated by a semitransparent (optically-thin) semiconductor having suitable infrared plasma frequency, followed by a controllable gap to a conventional metal mirror. For the mid-wave infrared band (MWIR, 3-5 micron wavelength), we consider a sapphire hemicylindrical prism coated with the transparent conductor gallium-doped ZnO (GZO). For the long-wave infrared band (LWIR, 8-12 micron wavelength), we consider an undoped-Si prism with one heavily-doped surface. Due to the exponential decay of the surface-plasmon-polariton evanescent wave above the conducting film, the log of internal reflectance of the conducting film decreases linearly with increasing gap, typically by about 1 decade per micron, with a total variation of over 5 orders of magnitude. The effective radiance is determined by laser intensity, reflectance, and reflected-beam divergence. Comparison of the effective radiance values to the band radiance of a black body indicates effective radiant temperatures that can be varied from 300 to over 4000 K for a mirror diameter of 100 (MWIR) or 650 (LWIR) microns. At low effective radiant temperature the device can provide 0.1 K resolution.
Long wave infrared imaging systems require small, low cost and low power systems operating at room-temperature. Seebeck nanoantennas are room temperature detectors which generate voltage due to incident electromagnetic radiation, they also provide polarization sensitivity, directivity, small footprint, tunability and the possibility of integration into electronic and photonic circuits. In this work different materials and fabrication processes used in Seebeck bowtie nanoantennas are numerically simulated in order to optimize its response in the long wave infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum (8–14 μm.) Gold bowtie nanoantennas with thermoelectric connections made of Bi3Te2 and Sb3Te2 showed the highest responsivity values of 9 V/W for gold bowtie nanoantennas on a SiO2 substrate and 240 V/W for gold bowtie free-standing structures. Computer simulations also showed that the thermoelectric response of these detectors add linearly when connecting them in series.
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