KEYWORDS: Cameras, 3D metrology, Long wavelength infrared, Infrared cameras, Pyrometry, Microbolometers, 3D modeling, 3D vision, Infrared imaging, Temperature metrology
In order to determine true radiometric quantities in intense fires a three dimensional (3D) understanding of the fire radiometric properties is desirable, e.g., for estimating peak fire temperatures. Imaging pyrometry with a single infrared camera view can provide only two dimensional path-averaged radiometric information. Multiple camera views, however, can form the basis for determining 3D radiometric information such as radiance, emissivity, and temperature. Analytically the fire can be divided into sub-volumes in which radiometric properties are assumed roughly constant. Using geometric and thermal equilibrium relationships between the fire sub-volumes, together with LWIR camera imagery acquired at multiple carefully defined camera views, radiometric properties of each sub-volume can be estimated. In this work, initial proof-of-principle results were obtained by applying this analysis to sets of LWIR camera imagery acquired during intense (2500 – 3000 K) fires. We present 3D radiance and temperature maps of the fires obtained using this novel approach.
There is an urgent need to develop standoff sensing of biological agents in aerosolized clouds. In
support of the Joint Biological Standoff Detection System (JBSDS) program, lidar systems have been a
dominant technology and have shown significant capability in field tests conducted in the Joint Ambient
Breeze Tunnel (JABT) at Dugway Proving Ground (DPG). The release of biological agents in the open air
is forbidden. Therefore, indirect methods must be developed to determine agent cross-sections in order to
validate sensor against biological agents. A method has been developed that begins with laboratory
measurements of thin films and liquid suspensions of biological material to obtain the complex index of
refraction from the ultraviolet (UV) to the long wave infrared (LWIR). Using that result and the aerosols'
particle size distribution as inputs to Mie calculations yields the backscatter and extinction cross-sections as
a function of wavelength. Recent efforts to model field measurements from the UV to the IR have been
successful. Measurements with aerodynamic and geometric particle sizers show evidence of particle
clustering. Backscatter simulations of these aerosols show these clustered particles dominate the aerosol
backscatter and depolarization signals. In addition, these large particles create spectral signatures in the
backscatter signal due to material absorption. Spectral signatures from the UV to the IR have been
observed in simulations of field releases. This method has been demonstrated for a variety of biological
simulant materials such as Ovalbumin (OV), Erwinia (EH), Bacillus atrophaeus (BG) and male specific
bacteriophage (MS2). These spectral signatures may offer new methods for biological discrimination for
both stand-off sensing and point detection systems.
The complexity of biological agents can make it difficult to identify the important factors impacting
scattering characteristics among variables such as size, shape, internal structure and biochemical composition, particle
aggregation, and sample additives. This difficulty is exacerbated by the environmentally interactive nature of
biological organisms. In particular, bacterial spores equilibrate with environmental humidity by absorption/desorption
of water which can affect both the complex refractive index and the size/shape distributions of particles - two factors
upon which scattering characteristics depend critically. Therefore accurate analysis of experimental data for
determination of refractive index must take account of particle water content. First, spectral transmission
measurements to determine visible refractive index done on suspensions of bacterial spores must account for water (or
other solvent) uptake. Second, realistic calculations of aerosol scattering cross sections should consider effects of
atmospheric humidity on particle water content, size and shape. In this work we demonstrate a method for determining
refractive index of bacterial spores bacillus atropheus (BG), bacillus thuringiensis (BT) and bacillus anthracis Sterne
(BAs) which accounts for these effects. Visible index is found from transmission measurements on aqueous and
DMSO suspensions of particles, using an anomalous diffraction approximation. A simplified version of the anomalous
diffraction theory is used to eliminate the need for knowledge of particle size. Results using this approach indicate the
technique can be useful in determining the visible refractive index of particles when size and shape distributions are
not well known but fall within the region of validity of anomalous dispersion theory.
A chamber aerosol LIDAR is being developed to perform well-controlled tests of optical scattering characteristics of
biological aerosols, including Bacillus atrophaeus (BG) and Bacillus thuringiensis (BT), for validation of optical
scattering models. The 1.064 μm, sub-nanosecond pulse LIDAR allows sub-meter measurement resolution of particle
depolarization ratio or backscattering cross-section at a 1 kHz repetition rate. Automated data acquisition provides the
capability for real-time analysis or recording. Tests administered within the refereed 1 cubic meter chamber can provide
high quality near-field backscatter measurements devoid of interference from entrance and exit window reflections.
Initial chamber measurements of BG depolarization ratio are presented.
Continuous wave THz spectroscopy has been used to obtain spectra for four isostructural dipeptide nanotubes at 4.2K
from 2 cm-1 to 100 cm-1 (0.05 to 3 THz).
Line-narrowing of spectral features by a factor of 2 to 4 is observed for the crystalline dipeptide films investigated by absorption spectroscopy using a plane parallel waveguide, compared to
spectra from pressed disks of polyethylene-diluted samples. The
x-ray determined crystal structures of these peptides
formed the basis for a parallel computational investigation. Spectral predictions from the ab initio level computational
package DMOL3 and the empirical force field model CHARMM22 are compared to the experimentally obtained THz
absorption spectra. The THz waveguide spectroscopy technique can provide information on the orientation-dependent
dipole coupling of the vibrational modes, which can aid in validating computational models.
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