Dr. Keith A. Krapels Profile

Dr. Keith A. Krapels

Director

SPIE Involvement:

Editor | Author

Area of Expertise:

Electro-optical/Infrared Sensor Systems , Electronic Warfare Systems

Profile Summary

Dr. Keith Krapels received a B.S. in math, B.A. in history, M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from the Univ. of Memphis. Since 2018 he has been Director of the Sensors & Electron Devices Directorate at the Army Research Laboratory. He retired as a Captain in the Navy Reserve and was deployed to Afghanistan to the NATO Training Mission in 2012. From 2001-2008 he was the EO/IR Sensor Technology Program Officer in the Office of Naval Research’s C4ISR Dept. In 2003, he deployed for Operation Iraqi Freedom. From 1999-2001, he was in the Sensor Performance Model Development Branch at the Army Night Vision Lab. From 1996-98 he was Special Programs Officer at the Naval Research Lab’s Tactical Electronic Warfare Div. From 1990-96, he was an Electronic Counter Measures Officer and Mission Commander in Navy EA-6B Prowlers and flew 53 combat missions. From 1987-89, he was an EO-IR sensor analyst for Martin Marietta Orlando Aerospace, a Research Fellow at the USAF Arnold Engineering Development Center, and a Research Associate at the University of Memphis. He is a Fellow of the SPIE, the International Society of Optics and Photonics.

Publications (58)

Proceedings Article | 3 May 2016 Paper

Paper

Hyperhemispheric multifunction sensors for ground combat vehicles: concept evaluation using virtual prototyping

Keith Krapels, Brad Preece, Orges Furxhi, Ronald Driggers

Proceedings Volume 9820, 98200M (2016) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2225984

KEYWORDS: Microbolometers, Sensors, Situational awareness sensors, Sensors, Prototyping, Mid-IR, Long wavelength infrared, Cameras, Unmanned aerial vehicles, Signal to noise ratio, Virtual reality

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Proceedings Article | 3 June 2015 Paper

Paper

Optical display for radar sensing

Harold Szu, Charles Hsu, Jefferson Willey, Joseph Landa, Minder Hsieh, Louis Larsen, Alan Krzywicki, Binh Tran, Philip Hoekstra, John Dillard, Keith Krapels, Michael Wardlaw, Kai-Dee Chu

Proceedings Volume 9496, 94960G (2015) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2176082

KEYWORDS: Microwave radiation, Radar, RGB color model, Scattering, Thermodynamics, Surveillance, Signal to noise ratio, Backscatter, Sensors, Neural networks

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Proceedings Article | 2 June 2015 Paper

Paper

Selective-imaging camera

Harold Szu, Charles Hsu, Joseph Landa, Jae H. Cha, Keith Krapels

Proceedings Volume 9496, 94960H (2015) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2176093

KEYWORDS: Cameras, Black bodies, Brain, Neurons, Visualization, Thermodynamics, Sensing systems, RGB color model, Neural networks, Surveillance

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Proceedings Article | 12 May 2015 Paper

Paper

Modeling analysis metrics for panoramic sensors

Orges Furxhi, Ronald Driggers, Bradley Preece, Keith Krapels

Proceedings Volume 9452, 945209 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2179740

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Panoramic photography, Imaging systems, Target detection, Targeting Task Performance metric, Photodetectors, Contrast transfer function, Infrared imaging, Signal to noise ratio, Rockets

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Proceedings Article | 24 June 2014 Paper

Paper

Brain order disorder 2nd group report of f-EEG

Francois Lalonde, Nitin Gogtay, Jay Giedd, Nadarajen Vydelingum, David Brown, Binh Tran, Charles Hsu, Ming-Kai Hsu, Jae Cha, Jeffrey Jenkins, Lien Ma, Jefferson Willey, Jerry Wu, Kenneth Oh, Joseph Landa, C. Lin, T. Jung, Scott Makeig, Carlo Francesco Morabito, Qyu Moon, Takeshi Yamakawa, Soo-Young Lee, Jong-Hwan Lee, Harold Szu, Balvinder Kaur, Kenneth Byrd, Karen Dang, Alan Krzywicki, Babajide Familoni, Louis Larson, Susan Harkrider, Keith Krapels, Liyi Dai

Proceedings Volume 9118, 91180J (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2051706

KEYWORDS: Brain, Electroencephalography, Head, Correlation function, Ions, Electrodes, Neuroimaging, Thermodynamics, Feedback loops, Diffusion

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Since the Brain Order Disorder (BOD) group reported on a high density Electroencephalogram (EEG) to capture the neuronal information using EEG to wirelessly interface with a Smartphone [1,2], a larger BOD group has been assembled, including the Obama BRAIN program, CUA Brain Computer Interface Lab and the UCSD Swartz Computational Neuroscience Center. We can implement the pair-electrodes correlation functions in order to operate in a real time daily environment, which is of the computation complexity of O(N³) for N=10^2~3 known as functional f-EEG. The daily monitoring requires two areas of focus. Area #(1) to quantify the neuronal information flow under arbitrary daily stimuli-response sources. Approach to #1: (i) We have asserted that the sources contained in the EEG signals may be discovered by an unsupervised learning neural network called blind sources separation (BSS) of independent entropy components, based on the irreversible Boltzmann cellular thermodynamics(ΔS < 0), where the entropy is a degree of uniformity. What is the entropy? Loosely speaking, sand on the beach is more uniform at a higher entropy value than the rocks composing a mountain – the internal binding energy tells the paleontologists the existence of information. To a politician, landside voting results has only the winning information but more entropy, while a non-uniform voting distribution record has more information. For the human’s effortless brain at constant temperature, we can solve the minimum of Helmholtz free energy (H = E − TS) by computing BSS, and then their pairwise-entropy source correlation function. (i) Although the entropy itself is not the information per se, but the concurrence of the entropy sources is the information flow as a functional-EEG, sketched in this 2^nd BOD report. Area #(2) applying EEG bio-feedback will improve collective decision making (TBD). Approach to #2: We introduce a novel performance quality metrics, in terms of the throughput rate of faster (Δt) & more accurate (ΔA) decision making, which applies to individual, as well as team brain dynamics. Following Nobel Laureate Daniel Kahnmen’s novel “Thinking fast and slow”, through the brainwave biofeedback we can first identify an individual’s “anchored cognitive bias sources”. This is done in order to remove the biases by means of individually tailored pre-processing. Then the training effectiveness can be maximized by the collective product Δt * ΔA. For Area #1, we compute a spatiotemporally windowed EEG in vitro average using adaptive time-window sampling. The sampling rate depends on the type of neuronal responses, which is what we seek. The averaged traditional EEG measurements and are further improved by BSS decomposition into finer stimulus-response source mixing matrix [A] having finer & faster spatial grids with rapid temporal updates. Then, the functional EEG is the second order co-variance matrix defined as the electrode-pair fluctuation correlation function C(s~, s~’) of independent thermodynamic source components. (1) We define a 1-D Space filling curve as a spiral curve without origin. This pattern is historically known as the Peano-Hilbert arc length a. By taking the most significant bits of the Cartesian product a≡ O(x * y * z), it represents the arc length in the numerical size with values that map the 3-D neighborhood proximity into a 1-D neighborhood arc length representation. (2) 1-D Fourier coefficients spectrum have no spurious high frequency contents, which typically arise in lexicographical (zig-zag scanning) discontinuity [Hsu & Szu, “Peano-Hilbert curve,” SPIE 2014]. A simple Fourier spectrum histogram fits nicely with the Compressive Sensing CRDT Mathematics. (3) Stationary power spectral density is a reasonable approximation of EEG responses in striate layers in resonance feedback loops capable of producing a 100, 000 neuronal collective Impulse Response Function (IRF). The striate brain layer architecture represents an ensemble <IRF< e.g. at V1-V4 of Brodmann areas 17-19 of the Cortex, i.e. stationary Wiener-Kintchine-Einstein Theorem. Goal#1: functional-EEG: After taking the 1-D space-filling curve, we compute the ensemble averaged 1-D Power Spectral Density (PSD) and then make use of the inverse FFT to generate f-EEG. (ii) Goal#2 individual wellness baseline (IWB): We need novel change detection, so we derive the ubiquitous fat-tail distributions for healthy brains PSD in outdoor environments (Signal=310°C; Noise=27°C: SNR=310/300; 300°K=(1/40)eV). The departure from IWB might imply stress, fever, a sports injury, an unexpected fall, or numerous midnight excursions which may signal an onset of dementia in Home Alone Senior (HAS), discovered by telemedicine care-giver networks. Aging global villagers need mental healthcare devices that are affordable, harmless, administrable (AHA) and user-friendly, situated in a clothing article such as a baseball hat and able to interface with pervasive Smartphones in daily environment.

Proceedings Article | 19 June 2014 Paper

Paper

Theory of enhancing thermal imaging through fire

Jae Cha, A. Lynn Abbott, Keith Krapels, Harold Szu

Proceedings Volume 9118, 91180A (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2052654

KEYWORDS: Thermography, Thermodynamics, Sensors, Temperature metrology, Cameras, Visual system, Image quality, Algorithms, Particles, Image enhancement

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Proceedings Article | 19 June 2014 Paper

Paper

Neuromorphic implementation of a software-defined camera that can see through fire and smoke in real-time

Jae Cha, A. Lynn Abbott, Harold Szu, Jefferson Willey, Joseph Landa, Keith Krapels

Proceedings Volume 9118, 911809 (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2052021

KEYWORDS: Cameras, Thermodynamics, Visible radiation, Machine learning, Sensors, Thermography, Visualization, Infrared radiation, Fiber optic gyroscopes, Independent component analysis

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Proceedings Article | 13 June 2014 Paper

Paper

Lab and field measurements to evaluate a differential polarimetric IR (DPIR) search sensor

Roger Thompson, Keith Krapels, Van Hodgkin, Bradley Preece, Kevin Leonard, Kristan Gurton

Proceedings Volume 9071, 90710A (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2054319

KEYWORDS: Polarimetry, Optical spheres, Reflectivity, Sensors, Polarization, Infrared search and track, Target detection, Infrared sensors, Data modeling, Surface roughness

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Proceedings Article | 9 June 2014 Paper

Paper

Modeling laser radar systems in the Night Vision Integrated Performance Model (NV-IPM)

Kevin Leonard, Van Hodgkin, Bradley Preece, Roger Thompson, Keith Krapels

Proceedings Volume 9071, 90710K (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2054314

KEYWORDS: Systems modeling, LIDAR, Electro optical modeling, Performance modeling, Visual process modeling, Reflectivity, Signal to noise ratio, Atmospheric optics, Receivers, Integrated modeling

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Proceedings Article | 29 May 2014 Paper

Paper

Predicted NETD performance of a polarized infrared imaging sensor

Bradley Preece, Van Hodgkin, Roger Thompson, Kevin Leonard, Keith Krapels

Proceedings Volume 9071, 90710C (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2052960

KEYWORDS: Polarization, Signal to noise ratio, Optical filters, Sensors, Systems modeling, Imaging systems, Cameras, Mid-IR, Long wavelength infrared, Reflectivity

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Proceedings Article | 29 May 2014 Paper

Paper

An analysis of the performance trade space for multifunction EO-IR systems

Keith Krapels, Ron Driggers, Orges Furxhi

Proceedings Volume 9071, 907108 (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2052874

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Target detection, Infrared imaging, Infrared radiation, Intelligence systems, Imaging systems, Target acquisition, Infrared search and track, Missiles, Infrared sensors

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Proceedings Article | 29 May 2014 Paper

Paper

Performance analysis of panoramic infrared systems

Orges Furxhi, Ronald Driggers, Gerald Holst, Keith Krapels

Proceedings Volume 9071, 907112 (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2067671

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Panoramic photography, Imaging systems, Optical resolution, NVThermIP, Eye models, Infrared imaging, Target detection, Infrared radiation, Staring arrays

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Proceedings Article | 29 May 2013 Paper

Paper

Theory of compressive modeling and simulation

Harold Szu, Jae Cha, Richard Espinola, Keith Krapels

Proceedings Volume 8750, 875011 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2032322

KEYWORDS: Long wavelength infrared, Passive millimeter wave sensors, Reflectivity, Rayleigh scattering, Atmospheric modeling, Picosecond phenomena, Atmospheric propagation, Scattering, Thermodynamics, Data modeling

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Proceedings Article | 8 May 2010 Paper

Paper

Multichannel, agile, computationally enhanced camera based on the PANOPTES architecture

Predrag Milojkovic, John Gill, Daniel Frattin, Kevin Coyle, Karl Haack, Scot Myhr, Dinesh Rajan, Scott Douglas, Panos Papamichalis, Manjunath Somayaji, Marc Christensen, Keith Krapels

Proceedings Volume 7692, 76921Z (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.864995

KEYWORDS: Staring arrays, Imaging systems, Image resolution, Super resolution, Cameras, Mirrors, Computer architecture, Calibration, Sensors, Image enhancement

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Proceedings Article | 22 April 2010 Paper

Paper

Image fusion algorithm assessment using measures of complementary and redundant information

Christopher Howell, Carl Halford, Keith Krapels

Proceedings Volume 7662, 76620J (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.850295

KEYWORDS: Image fusion, Image processing, Image quality, Information fusion, Optical filters, Detection and tracking algorithms, Image filtering, Superposition, Linear filtering, Algorithm development

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Proceedings Article | 22 April 2010 Paper

Paper

Review of Bayer pattern CFA demosaicing with new quality assessment algorithms

Robert Maschal, S. Susan Young, Joe Reynolds, Keith Krapels, Jonathan Fanning, Ted Corbin

Proceedings Volume 7662, 766215 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.849314

KEYWORDS: Image quality, Optical filters, Color difference, Reconstruction algorithms, Digital filtering, Sensors, Super resolution, Image processing, Image filtering, Charge-coupled devices

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Proceedings Article | 24 September 2009 Paper

Paper

Millimeter wave sensor requirements for maritime small craft identification

Keith Krapels, Ronald Driggers, Jose Garcia, Evelyn Boettcher, Dennis Prather, Chrisopher Schuetz, Jesse Samluk, Lee Stein, William Kiser, Andrew Visnansky, Jeremy Grata, David Wikner, Russ Harris

Proceedings Volume 7485, 74850H (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.831060

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Image sensors, Polarization, Millimeter wave sensors, Extremely high frequency, Imaging systems, Targeting Task Performance metric, Modulation transfer functions, Image processing, Fourier transforms

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Proceedings Article | 22 April 2009 Paper

Paper

Signal modeling of turbulence-distorted imagery

S. Susan Young, Ronald Driggers, Keith Krapels, Richard Espinola, Joseph Reynolds, Jae Cha

Proceedings Volume 7300, 73000P (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.818833

KEYWORDS: Turbulence, Wave propagation, Imaging systems, Refraction, Statistical analysis, Image analysis, Analytical research, Infrared radiation, Modulation, Sensors

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Proceedings Article | 22 April 2009 Paper

Paper

Super-resolution for flash LADAR data

Shuowen Hu, S. Susan Young, Tsai Hong, Joseph Reynolds, Keith Krapels, Brian Miller, Jim Thomas, Oanh Nguyen

Proceedings Volume 7300, 73000B (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.818801

KEYWORDS: LIDAR, Super resolution, Image registration, Wavelets, Cameras, Sensors, Robots, Navigation systems, Robotics, Edge detection

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Proceedings Article | 19 March 2009 Paper

Paper

Field verification of the direct view optics model for human facial identification

Sameer Aghera, Keith Krapels, Jonathan Hixson, Joseph Reynolds, Ronald Driggers

Proceedings Volume 7343, 734311 (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.821288

KEYWORDS: Modulation transfer functions, Eye, Ocean optics, Turbulence, Visual process modeling, Eye models, Firearms, Performance modeling, Thermal modeling, Sensors

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Proceedings Article | 29 April 2008 Paper

Paper

Small craft ID criteria (N50/V50) for short wave infrared sensors in maritime security

Keith Krapels, Ronald Driggers, Paul Larson, Jose Garcia, Barry Walden, Sameer Agheera, Dawne Deaver, Jonathan Hixson, Evelyn Boettcher

Proceedings Volume 6941, 694108 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.778062

KEYWORDS: Short wave infrared radiation, Sensors, Contrast transfer function, Infrared sensors, Mid-IR, Imaging systems, Target acquisition, Information security, Targeting Task Performance metric, Modulation transfer functions

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Proceedings Article | 15 April 2008 Paper

Paper

Applications of super-resolution and deblurring to practical sensors

S. Susan Young, Richard Sims, Keith Kraples, James Waterman, Leslie Smith, Eddie Jacobs, Ted Corbin, Louis Larsen, Ronald Driggers

Proceedings Volume 6941, 69411E (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.796420

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Super resolution, Image processing, Image filtering, Detection and tracking algorithms, Image restoration, Image sensors, Reconstruction algorithms, Imaging systems, Missiles

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Proceedings Article | 15 April 2008 Paper

Paper

Aplanatic THz imaging

Steven Griffin, Keith Krapels

Proceedings Volume 6949, 69490H (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.777087

KEYWORDS: Terahertz radiation, Aspheric lenses, Imaging systems, Optical design, Geometrical optics, Specular reflections, Spherical lenses, Zoom lenses, Optical components, Reflectivity

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Proceedings Article | 11 April 2008 Paper

Paper

Human activity discrimination for maritime application

Evelyn Boettcher, Dawne Deaver, Keith Krapels

Proceedings Volume 6941, 69410G (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.776291

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Video, Calibration, Sensor performance, Targeting Task Performance metric, Modulation transfer functions, Target acquisition, Performance modeling, Mid-IR, NVThermIP

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Proceedings Article | 11 April 2008 Paper

Paper

MWIR persistent surveillance performance for human and vehicle backtracking as a function of ground sample distance and revisit rate

R. Driggers, S. Aghera, P. Richardson, B. Miller, J. Doe, A. Robinson, K. Krapels, S. Murrill

Proceedings Volume 6941, 69410Q (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.779758

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Video, Mid-IR, Surveillance, Intelligence systems, Picosecond phenomena, Buildings, Spatial resolution, Target acquisition, Unmanned aerial vehicles

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Proceedings Article | 4 May 2007 Paper

Paper

Chirped amplitude modulation ladar for range and Doppler measurements and 3-D imaging

Barry Stann, Brian Redman, William Lawler, Mark Giza, John Dammann, Keith Krapels

Proceedings Volume 6550, 655005 (2007) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.719523

KEYWORDS: LIDAR, Receivers, Optical amplifiers, Modulation, Telescopes, Amplifiers, Transmitters, Missiles, Microwave radiation, Fiber optic illuminators

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Proceedings Article | 30 April 2007 Paper

Paper

Direct view optics model for facial identification

Ronald Driggers, Steve Moyer, Keith Krapels, Lou Larsen, Jonathan Fanning, Jonathan Hixson, Richard Vollmerhausen

Proceedings Volume 6543, 65430F (2007) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.724743

KEYWORDS: Eye models, Data modeling, Electro optical modeling, Eye, Imaging systems, Contrast transfer function, Spatial frequencies, Target acquisition, Systems modeling, Targeting Task Performance metric

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Proceedings Article | 30 April 2007 Paper

Paper

Sine wave contrast target for direct view optics field performance measurements

Keith Krapels, Paul Larson, Ronald Driggers, Lou Larsen, Jonathan Fanning

Proceedings Volume 6543, 65430J (2007) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.719631

KEYWORDS: Eye, Contrast transfer function, Spatial frequencies, Modulation transfer functions, Eye models, Targeting Task Performance metric, Rifle scopes, Target acquisition, Data modeling, Electro optical modeling

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SPIE Journal Paper | 1 March 2007

Probability of identification cycle criterion (N₅₀/N₉₀) for underwater mine target acquisition

Ronald Driggers, James Taylor, Keith Krapels

OE, Vol. 46, Issue 03, 033201, (March 2007) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.2715458

KEYWORDS: Mining, Target acquisition, Sensors, Electro optical modeling, Imaging systems, Electro optical systems, Land mines, Contrast transfer function, Target recognition, Modulation transfer functions

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Proceedings Article | 5 October 2006 Paper

Paper

Small craft identification discrimination criteria (N50 and V50) for visible and infrared sensors in maritime security

Keith Krapels, Dawne Deaver, Ronald Driggers

Proceedings Volume 6395, 63950T (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.689140

KEYWORDS: Mid-IR, Sensors, Visible radiation, Infrared sensors, Contrast transfer function, Targeting Task Performance metric, Image processing, Imaging systems, Target acquisition, Performance modeling

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SPIE Journal Paper | 1 June 2006

Probability of identification of small hand-held objects for electro-optic forward-looking infrared systems

Steve Moyer, Jonathan Hixson, Timothy Edwards, Keith Krapels

OE, Vol. 45, Issue 06, 063201, (June 2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.2213997

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Mid-IR, Long wavelength infrared, Imaging systems, Contrast transfer function, Modulation transfer functions, Targeting Task Performance metric, Target acquisition, Visible radiation, Calibration

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SPIE Journal Paper | 1 June 2006

Handheld threat object identification performance of 2-D visible imagery versus 3-D visible imagery

Keith Krapels, Ronald Driggers, Brian Teaney, Carl Halford

OE, Vol. 45, Issue 06, 063202, (June 2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.2209650

KEYWORDS: 3D acquisition, 3D image processing, 3D modeling, Performance modeling, Target acquisition, 3D displays, Electro optical modeling, Sensors, Optical engineering, Imaging systems

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Proceedings Article | 19 May 2006 Paper

Paper

Chirped AM ladar for anti-ship missile tracking and force protection 3D imaging: update

Brian Redman, Barry Stann, William Lawler, Mark Giza, John Dammann, William Ruff, William Potter, Ronald Driggers, Jose Garcia, John Wilson, Keith Krapels

Proceedings Volume 6214, 62140O (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.666961

KEYWORDS: LIDAR, Receivers, Image resolution, 3D image processing, Data acquisition, Transceivers, Missiles, Transmitters, Composites, Infrared search and track

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Proceedings Article | 15 May 2006 Paper

Paper

Threat object identification performance for LADAR imagery: comparison of two-dimensional versus three-dimensional imagery

Matthew Chaudhuri, Ronald Driggers, Brian Redman, Keith Krapels

Proceedings Volume 6207, 62070F (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.663660

KEYWORDS: LIDAR, 3D image processing, Electro optical modeling, Imaging systems, Sensors, Systems modeling, Thermal modeling, Infrared imaging, Short wave infrared radiation, 3D modeling

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Proceedings Article | 15 May 2006 Paper

Paper

Current infrared target acquisition approach for military sensor design and wargaming

Ronald Driggers, Eddie Jacobs, Richard Vollmerhausen, Barbara O'Kane, Mid Self, Steve Moyer, Jonathan Hixson, Gary Page, Keith Krapels, David Dixon, Regina Kistner, John Mazz

Proceedings Volume 6207, 620709 (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.660963

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Target detection, Targeting Task Performance metric, Target acquisition, Performance modeling, Contrast transfer function, Thermal modeling, Infrared radiation, Data modeling, Received signal strength

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Proceedings Article | 12 May 2006 Paper

Paper

Characteristics of infrared imaging systems which benefit from super-resolution reconstruction

Keith Krapels, Ronald Driggers, Eddie Jacobs, Stephen Burks, Susan Young, Gerald Holst

Proceedings Volume 6207, 620703 (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.660951

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Imaging systems, Super resolution, Long wavelength infrared, Reconstruction algorithms, Forward looking infrared, Infrared imaging, Image sensors, Mid-IR, Detection and tracking algorithms

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Proceedings Article | 12 May 2005 Paper

Paper

Handheld threat object identification performance of 2D visible imagery versus 3D visible imagery

Keith Krapels, Ronald Driggers, Brian Teaney, Michelle Tomkinson, Steve Moyer

Proceedings Volume 5784, (2005) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.604902

KEYWORDS: 3D acquisition, 3D image processing, 3D modeling, Performance modeling, 3D displays, Imaging systems, Electro optical modeling, Contrast transfer function, Sensors, Cameras

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Proceedings Article | 12 May 2005 Paper

Paper

The meaning of super-resolution

Ronald Driggers, Keith Krapels, Susan Young

Proceedings Volume 5784, (2005) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.609917

KEYWORDS: Super resolution, Image processing, Diffraction, Sensors, Imaging systems, Nomenclature, Image resolution, Spatial resolution, Image sensors, Analytical research

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Proceedings Article | 12 May 2005 Paper

Paper

NVThermIP modeling of super-resolution algorithms

Eddie Jacobs, Ronald Driggers, Susan Young, Keith Krapels, Gene Tener, Jennifer Park

Proceedings Volume 5784, (2005) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.604900

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Super resolution, NVThermIP, Contrast transfer function, Targeting Task Performance metric, Target acquisition, Contrast sensitivity, Motion models, Modulation transfer functions, Systems modeling

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SPIE Journal Paper | 1 January 2005

Superresolution performance for undersampled imagers

Ronald Driggers, Keith Krapels, Steven Murrill, S. Susan Young, Matthew Thielke, Jonathan Schuler

OE, Vol. 44, Issue 01, 014002, (January 2005) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.1829551

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Imaging systems, Image processing, Super resolution, Modulation transfer functions, Cameras, Thermography, Image sensors, Optical engineering, Image enhancement

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Proceedings Article | 8 December 2004 Paper

Paper

Terahertz imaging performance model for concealed weapon identification

Eddie Jacobs, Ronald Driggers, Keith Krapels, Frank De Lucia, Douglas Petkie

Proceedings Volume 5619, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.579768

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Performance modeling, Electro optical modeling, Terahertz radiation, Target acquisition, Weapons, Calibration, Atmospheric propagation, Minimum resolvable temperature difference, Visual process modeling

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Proceedings Article | 6 December 2004 Paper

Paper

Target detection in color imagery: on the path to a color target acquisition model

Keith Krapels, Tarik Jones, Ronald Driggers, Brian Teaney

Proceedings Volume 5612, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.579771

KEYWORDS: Signal to noise ratio, Target detection, Sensors, Target acquisition, 3D modeling, Interference (communication), Palladium, Performance modeling, Electro optical modeling, Infrared imaging

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Proceedings Article | 30 August 2004 Paper

Paper

Wide-FOV FPAs for a shipboard distributed aperture system

David Gulbransen, Stephen Black, A. Childs, Christopher Fletcher, Scott Johnson, William Radford, Gregory Venzor, J. Sienicki, A. Thompson, J. Griffith, Aimee Buell, M. Vilela, Michael Newton, Edward Takken, James Waterman, Keith Krapels

Proceedings Volume 5406, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.555122

KEYWORDS: Staring arrays, Sensors, Semiconducting wafers, Electronics, Detector arrays, Mid-IR, Mercury cadmium telluride, Silicon, Cameras, Interfaces

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Proceedings Article | 5 August 2004 Paper

Paper

Superresolution performance for undersampled imagers

Keith Krapels, Ronald Driggers, Steven Murrill, Jonathan Schuler, Matthew Thielke, S. Susan Young

Proceedings Volume 5407, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.541370

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Modulation transfer functions, Super resolution, Imaging systems, Image processing, Cameras, Image enhancement, Eye, Reconstruction algorithms, Analytical research

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Proceedings Article | 5 August 2004 Paper

Paper

Identification of handheld objects for electro-optic/FLIR applications

Steve Moyer, Eric Flug, Timothy Edwards, Keith Krapels, John Scarbrough

Proceedings Volume 5407, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.542066

KEYWORDS: Mid-IR, Visible radiation, Target acquisition, Electro optical modeling, Contrast transfer function, Sensors, Electro optical systems, Electro optics, Homeland security, Forward looking infrared

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Proceedings Article | 10 September 2001 Paper

Paper

Assessment of 3D noise methodology for thermal sensor simulation

Eddie Jacobs, Jae Cha, Keith Krapels, Van Hodgkin

Proceedings Volume 4372, (2001) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.439150

KEYWORDS: Minimum resolvable temperature difference, Sensors, 3D modeling, Optical simulations, 3D image processing, Infrared sensors, Staring arrays, Statistical analysis, Signal detection, Cameras

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Proceedings Article | 10 September 2001 Paper

Paper

Target detection threshold in noisy color imagery

Ronald Driggers, Keith Krapels, Richard Vollmerhausen, Penny Warren, Dean Scribner, J. Grant Howard, Brian Tsou, William Krebs

Proceedings Volume 4372, (2001) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.439152

KEYWORDS: Target detection, Signal to noise ratio, Sensors, Target acquisition, Minimum resolvable temperature difference, Interference (communication), Infrared imaging, Infrared detectors, Infrared radiation, Spatial frequencies

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Proceedings Article | 10 September 2001 Paper

Paper

Atmospheric effects in infrared target acquisition modeling

Keith Krapels, Ronald Driggers, Richard Vollmerhausen, David Tofsted

Proceedings Volume 4372, (2001) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.439154

KEYWORDS: Modulation transfer functions, Turbulence, Atmospheric modeling, Sensors, Target acquisition, Distortion, Cameras, Performance modeling, Thermal modeling, Infrared radiation

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Proceedings Article | 10 September 2001 Paper

Paper

Target recognition performance as a function of sampling

Nicole Devitt, Ronald Driggers, Richard Vollmerhausen, Steven Moyer, Keith Krapels, John O'Connor

Proceedings Volume 4372, (2001) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.439142

KEYWORDS: Target recognition, Modulation transfer functions, Imaging systems, Sensors, Target acquisition, Integration, Fourier transforms, Infrared imaging, Analytical research, Optical filters

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Proceedings Article | 10 September 2001 Paper

Paper

Target identification performance as a function of spurious response: aliasing with respect to the half sample rate

Steven Moyer, Ronald Driggers, Richard Vollmerhausen, Keith Krapels

Proceedings Volume 4372, (2001) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.439161

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Imaging systems, Modulation transfer functions, Target recognition, Staring arrays, Infrared sensors, Electro optical modeling, Performance modeling, Systems modeling, Infrared radiation

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SPIE Journal Paper | 1 September 2001

Atmospheric turbulence modulation transfer function for infrared target acquisition modeling

Keith Krapels, Ronald Driggers, Richard Vollmerhausen, Norman Kopeika, Carl Halford

OE, Vol. 40, Issue 09, (September 2001) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.1390299

KEYWORDS: Modulation transfer functions, Turbulence, Atmospheric modeling, Sensors, Target acquisition, Atmospheric turbulence, Cameras, Infrared radiation, Performance modeling, Eye models

SPIE Journal Paper | 1 March 2001

Target identification performance as a function of temporal and fixed pattern noise

Ronald Driggers, Richard Vollmerhausen, Keith Krapels

OE, Vol. 40, Issue 03, (March 2001) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.1346583

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Target recognition, Imaging systems, Staring arrays, Eye, Infrared imaging, Image processing, Performance modeling, Modulation transfer functions, Optical engineering

SPIE Journal Paper | 1 September 2000

Target identification performance as a function of low spatial frequency image content

Ronald Driggers, Richard Vollmerhausen, Keith Krapels

OE, Vol. 39, Issue 09, (September 2000) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.1288362

KEYWORDS: Modulation transfer functions, Sensors, Target recognition, Spatial frequencies, Target acquisition, Image filtering, Performance modeling, Image processing, Imaging systems, Linear filtering

Proceedings Article | 17 July 2000 Paper

Paper

Target identification performance as a function of temporal and fixed pattern noise

Ronald Driggers, Richard Vollmerhausen, Keith Krapels

Proceedings Volume 4030, (2000) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.391775

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Target recognition, Staring arrays, Imaging systems, Image processing, Eye, Infrared radiation, Performance modeling, Infrared imaging, Target acquisition

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Proceedings Article | 17 July 2000 Paper

Paper

Performance comparison of rectangular (4-point) and diagonal (2-point) dither

Keith Krapels, Ronald Driggers, Richard Vollmerhausen, Carl Halford

Proceedings Volume 4030, (2000) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.391776

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Modulation transfer functions, Video, Imaging systems, Staring arrays, Target recognition, Image sensors, Mirrors, Fourier transforms, Image filtering

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SPIE Journal Paper | 1 May 1999

Developing operational performance metrics using image comparison metrics and the concept of degradation space

Carl Halford, Keith Krapels, Ronald Driggers, Eddie Burroughs

OE, Vol. 38, Issue 05, (May 1999) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.602048

KEYWORDS: Space operations, Signal to noise ratio, Thermography, Sensors, Image quality, Image sensors, Image compression, Target recognition, Associative arrays, Spatial frequencies

Proceedings Article | 1 July 1991 Paper

Paper

Frequency-modulated reticle trackers in the pupil plane

James Taylor, Keith Krapels

Proceedings Volume 1478, (1991) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.45621

KEYWORDS: Reticles, Fermium, Frequency modulation, Sensors, Navigation systems, Mirrors, Computer programming, Imaging systems, Sun, Missiles

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Proceedings Article | 1 October 1990 Paper

Paper

Human recognition of infrared images

Jeffrey Sanders, Carl Halford, Keith Krapels

Proceedings Volume 1309, (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.21761

KEYWORDS: Infrared imaging, Systems modeling, Infrared radiation, Imaging systems, Image resolution, Analytical research, Thermal modeling, Detection theory, CRTs, Forward looking infrared

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Showing 5 of 58 publications

Proceedings Volume Editor (18)

SPIE Conference Volume | 26 July 2019

Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XXX

SPIE Conference Volume | 13 June 2018

Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XXIX

SPIE Conference Volume | 26 June 2017

Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XXVIII

SPIE Conference Volume | 20 July 2016

Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XXVII

SPIE Conference Volume | 29 May 2015

Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XXVI

Showing 5 of 18 publications

Conference Committee Involvement (29)

Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XXX

16 April 2019 | Baltimore, MD, United States

Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XXIX

17 April 2018 | Orlando, FL, United States

Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XXVIII

11 April 2017 | Anaheim, CA, United States

Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XXVII

19 April 2016 | Baltimore, MD, United States

Sensing and Analysis Technologies for Biomedical and Cognitive Applications 2016

17 April 2016 | Baltimore, MD, United States

Independent Component Analyses, Compressive Sampling, Large Data Analyses (LDA), Neural Networks, Biosystems, and Nanoengineering XIII

23 April 2015 | Baltimore, MD, United States

Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XXVI

21 April 2015 | Baltimore, MD, United States

Independent Component Analyses, Compressive Sampling, Wavelets, Neural Net, Biosystems, and Nanoengineering XII

7 May 2014 | Baltimore, MD, United States

Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XXV

6 May 2014 | Baltimore, MD, United States

Independent Component Analyses, Compressive Sampling, Wavelets, Neural Net, Biosystems, and Nanoengineering XI

1 May 2013 | Baltimore, Maryland, United States

Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XXIV

30 April 2013 | Baltimore, Maryland, United States

Independent Component Analyses, Compressive Sampling, Wavelets, Neural Net, Biosystems, and Nanoengineering X

25 April 2012 | Baltimore, Maryland, United States

Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XXIII

24 April 2012 | Baltimore, Maryland, United States

Millimetre Wave and Terahertz Sensors and Technology

19 September 2011 | Prague, Czech Republic

Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XXII

26 April 2011 | Orlando, Florida, United States

Millimetre Wave and Terahertz Sensors and Technology

20 September 2010 | Toulouse, France

Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XXI

6 April 2010 | Orlando, Florida, United States

Millimetre Wave and Terahertz Sensors and Technology

1 September 2009 | Berlin, Germany

Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XX

14 April 2009 | Orlando, Florida, United States

Millimetre Wave and Terahertz Sensors and Technology

17 September 2008 | Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom

Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XIX

18 March 2008 | Orlando, Florida, United States

Electro-Optical Remote Sensing, Photonic Technologies and their Applications

19 September 2007 | Florence, Italy

Passive Millimetre-Wave and Terahertz Imaging and Technology

17 September 2007 | Florence, Italy

Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XVIII

11 April 2007 | Orlando, Florida, United States

Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XVII

19 April 2006 | Orlando (Kissimmee), Florida, United States

Passive Millimetre-Wave and Terahertz Imaging and Technology II

27 September 2005 | Bruges, Belgium

Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XVI

30 March 2005 | Orlando, Florida, United States

Passive Millimetre-Wave and Terahertz Imaging and Technology

27 October 2004 | London, United Kingdom

European Symposium on Optics and Photonics for Defence and Security

25 October 2004 | London, United Kingdom

Showing 5 of 29 Conference Committees

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