A contradiction between high efficiency of an amplifier operating in a saturated mode, and nonlinear distortions in
image reproduction characteristic for this regime is solved. A lasing medium is located in a Fourier-plane of the image, its
gain profile being specially shaped, while the amplified image is illuminated by a laser beam which angular divergence is
appropriately formed. Criteria for the gain shape and beam divergence are formulated. A possibility for correct amplification
of binary and/or half-tone images with high efficiency of energy stored in the laser medium (up to 70%) is shown. The
results are applicable for laser image projectors of systems of virtual reality, simulators, etc., providing images with high
dynamic range (e.g., pictures of illuminated landing stripes, approaching car lights, etc.).
The applicability of the transform algorithms generally used in projection computed tomography is substantiated for the case of medical diffuse optical tomography (DOT). To reconstruct tissue optical inhomogeneities, a new method based on a concept of an average statistical trajectory for transfer of light energy (photon average trajectory, PAT) is proposed. By this method, the inverse problem of DOT is reduced to solution of integral equation with integration along a PAT. Within the internal zone of the object, remote well away from the boundaries, PATs tend to a straight line, and standard integral algorithms based on the inverse Radon transform may be used to restore diffuse optical images. To demonstrate the capabilities of the PAT method, a numerical experiment on cross-sectional reconstruction of cylindrical strongly scattering objects with absorbing inhomogeneities has been conducted. To solve the DOT inverse problem, two filtered backprojection algorithms (of Radon and of Vainberg) were used. The reconstruction results are compared with those obtained by a well-known software package for temporal optical absorption and scattering tomography, based on multiple solution of diffusion equation. It is shown that the PAT method using the Vainberg algorithm allows reconstruction of tissue optical structure with a 20%-gain in spatial resolution.
Vladimir Lyubimov, Alexander Konovalov, Igor Kutuzov, Olga Kravtsenyuk, Alexander Kalintsev, Alexander Murzin, Olga Golubkina, Leonid Soms, Lyudmila Yavorskaya
The influence of three reconstruction algorithms on spatial resolution of optical diffuse tomography by Photon Average Trajecotries (PAT) method was investigated. The resolution was estimated using the model of spatially invariant linear filter by the conventient procedure usually used in CT. The resolution of absorbing inhomogeneities of model objects is shown to go for a theoretical limit of PAT method and the algorithms considered appears to reconstruct optical diffuse images without complementary limitations on spatial resolution.
The applicability of backprojection algorithms of filtered shadows that have been earlier developed for computer tomography is shown for the case of optical tomography of strongly scattering media. This opportunity is based on the presence of a long rectilinear part in the approximation of the statistical Photon Average Trajectories of photons propagating through the scattering medium. The results of numerical experiments showed that the quality of reconstruction using filtered backprojection algorithms do not surrender to that for multi-iterative algorithms, at much shorter reconstruction time.
Olga Golubkina, Alexander Kalintsev, Alexander Konovalov, Olga Kravtsenyuk, Oleg Lyamtsev, Vladimir Lyubimov, Gennadiy Mordvinov, Alexander Murzin, Leonid Soms, Natalie Tokareva, Lyudmila Yavorskaya
Theoretical analysis and numerical experiments show a significant difference in a temporal dynamics of shadows caused by absorbing and scattering macroinhomogeneities. This difference is especially noticeable at the leading front of the pulse passed through the scattering medium. This makes it possible to image absorbing and scattering inhomogeneities separately using shadows obtained at subsequent time moments.
A new principle of the projection display based on a laser with the conjugate resonator is offered where one of the mirrors is a spatial light modulator (SLM). Intra-cavity reading of the image created on the SLM provides the oscillation of an optical signal as well a generated image with high luminosity and optical resolution.
We discuss the system of laser energy delivery to a remote object using joint action of high-sensitive phase conjugation mirror and of dynamic hologram in optically addressed liquid crystal spatial light modulators. This scheme (the scheme of "frozen" phase conjugation) makes it possible to use the advantages of phase conjugation application in laser systems, whose radiation can be hardly subjected to standard methods of phase conjugation.
The problem of swift steering of laser beams is important for many applications, (projection, marking, engraving, etc.). An approach of intracavity laser beams spatial control was proposed and developed by several teams [1 -9, 14] . Laser beam movement is provided, with thisapproach, by the positioning of the "ruling diaphragm" across the surface of one of mirrors of conjugate laser cavity. The "ruling diaphragm" can be done as a Spatial Light Modulator (SLM). Such modulators are based on various physical effects and can use various modulating media: electrooptical crystals [2, 10], thin semiconductor layers [1 1], ferro-electrical ceramics [12-14], or liquid crystals [6,8]. The electrically-addressed intracavity Spatial Light Modulators (SLMs) were experimentally shown to provide computer-controlled beam addressing to any pixel insidelaserFieldOfView (FOV) [12, 13,14] In the presented article the following aspects are treated of such laser development: (a) design and properties of iniracavity LC SLMs with random addressing to arbitrary pixel in 2D field, and (b) some peculiarities ofDPSSL with intracavity beam scanning, in terms of SLM operation inside the cavity, and thermal lens influence on the laser FOV
Experimental results have been given on laser-damage resistance of the liquid crystal modulator with longitudinal operating electrical field. It was shown that laser-damage resistance of the modulator is limited by the ITO transparent electrodes and equals 2.5 - 2.9 J/cm2 at 1.06 nm, (tau) equals 15 ns. To improve this parameter we proposed an liquid crystal structure controlled by a transverse electric field in which the ITO electrodes are removed out of the zone intense laser radiation. The main characteristics of this mode liquid crystal modulator are discussed.
Given are the results of experimental study on the quasi real time holographic correction for the lens distortions in the passive observational telescope in the visible range of spectrum, using the liquid crystal optically addressed spatial light modulator.
A repetitively pumped ruby laser including long (16 m) intracavity optical delay line is described emitting microsecond pulses. A prototype model of laser lithotriptor was made using this laser, and histological and clinical studies were made.
Experiments realized, confirmed the possibility of distortions compensation, of forming telescope with composed mirror and diffractional optical element on it using phase conjugation for radiation wave length 1064 nm. Demonstrated the possibility of exit beam scanning.
Physical mechanisms of ms laser lithotripsy in the visible range are discussed. Theoretical model for the case of stones which can be represented as a high-scattering low-absorption medium containing high-absorptive organic micropores is developed. The evolution of the state for such individual pore under the influence of laser radiation is described. Governing equations are derived and it was shown that there exists avalanche-like process of pore absorption increase due to the process of pyrocarbon generation. This generation is caused by the thermochemical dissociation of pore organic matter. Such effect leads to the increasing of laser pulse energy absorption and pressure front formation. This front may account for destruction of significant layer of the stone surface. Plasma can not flush under the conditions typical for described process. It starts to play a significant role only after primary stone destruction produced by proposed mechanism. Sharp increasing of stone absorption and modification of the destructed layer state may be considered as a good boost for the later effective plasma generation.
For the last two years we have applied continuous dual-wavelength Nd:YAG 20 - 60 W power laser to various urologic operations. Transmission of laser irradiation via a flexible quartz fiber permitted operating at any depth of the wound. High-intensity irradiation of 1.06 mkm wavelength was effective in making thin incisions into a variety of tissues, including skin, subcutaneous fat, aponeurosis, muscles, urinary bladder wall, prostate gland, renal pelvis, renal capsule and parenchyma, and urethra. The incisions were especially effective if the contact method was used. Operational access was accomplished in 3 - 5 minutes. At the same time, hemostasis occurred in small diameter vessels. More reliable hemostasis could be achieved by means of 1.32 mkm wavelength. With the present laser device, we carried out 57 different urologic operations in our clinic. Examples of such operations include prostatectomy, pyelolithotomy, ureterolithotomy, nephrectomy, resection of renal cysts, condylomata acuminata of the urogenital organs, and papilloma of the urethra and bladder. The results suggest that a combination of these two wavelengths may prove most effective. Advantages of this approach include a decreased blood loss and decreased surgical time, asepsis, good short- and long-term results, and no complications.
After more than 30 years of applications of low-energy laser, many hypotheses remain about the mechanisms underlying its biologic and therapeutic effects. The majority of hypotheses are based on bioeffects as a function of the photoinduction of biochemical processes. This approach is problematic, however, because it is difficult to single out biochemical processes that could not be altered by laser action. An alternative view to understanding the bioactivity of laser exposure is that such activity, either by cells, tissue, organ systems, or the whole organism, is an adaptive response to stress. This paper summarizes briefly three experiments conducted in our clinic utilizing low-level laser, and describes in some detail an experiment comparing the action of laser with a known nonspecific, chemical adaptogen.
Open surgeiy for the removal of renal and ureteric calculi has been rendered almost obsolete in the last ten years. The development ofthe extracorporeal and the intiOCOTpOTeaI lithotripters has permitted many patients to have their stones treated without operation. Several kinds ofalternative disintegration methods such as electrohydraulic lithotripsy, ultrasound lithotiipsy, stone disintegration by laser irradiation, electric drill disintegration, microexplosion lithotripsy and extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy have contributed to this advancement.
The comparative studies of SLR effects vs chemical adaptogens effects on animals poisoned by industrial poisons and SLR as compared to traditional radio-protectors effects on gamma- irradiated animals were carried out. Obtained results show the stressed adaptogenous effect of SLR.
Figure 1 represents schematically the possible sources of pointing faults. First set of faults is connected with optical distortions and misalignements; these faults exist even when the target does not move. Here are: i - atmospherical distortions caused by turbulence, wind, and sometimes by thermal blooming; L2 distortions and misalignements of optical systems (both receiving, affecting the accuracy of target position determination, and transmitting, thus deteriorating output beam quality) ; E3 -faults that are usually connected with a discrete nature of coordinate photoreceptor; E4 -faults and distortions of the laser optical path: dynamic distortions in amplifiers, scanning systems limited accuracy, misalignements and vibrations of the optical elements, etc. It is worth to note that -2' and L4arenonlinearly dependen on the laser beam power. Second set of faults is connected with temporal delays; they are most dangerous when pointing to the moving targets. Here are: T1 - timeof double light pass to target; T2 - time of obtaining signal from photoreceptors; T3 - time of signal processing; T4 - response time of deflectors. So to achieve the high-stable laser beams pointing means to minimize the values of all listed factors. In some cases physical limitations exist (e.g. one can not overcome the diffraction limit for A2; or the light speed limit for T1 , and it easy to see that for long-distance cases this fundamental limitation becomes the strongest) ; in other cases the break-through lies in the development of non-optical technologies (as, say, in computing technology for T3). Thus our efforts were to find some possible and "optical" ways in order to improve the accuracy of laser beams pointing.
The comparative studies of SLR effects vs chemical adaptogens effects on animals poisoned by industrial poisons and SLR as compared to traditional radio-protectors effects on gamma- irradiated animals were carried out. Obtained results show the stressed adaptogenous effect of SLR.
Analysis of possible ways for organic minerals destruction by laser-induced shockwave is presented. Physical mechanisms describing lithotripsy with microsecond laser pulses are discussed. Theoretical considerations show that the most probable fragmentation mechanisms are connected with the existence of absorptive inclusions in the stone volume. We have shown that surface plasma flash may be considered as attendant phenomenon which does not necessarily play an important fragmentation role under our conditions of observation.
The paper reports the latest results obtained in control for temporal and spatial characteristics of laser beams using stimulated scattering and wavefront conjugation technique. The method and experimental results for precise beam positioning using intracavity spatial light modulators are described.
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